Philippians and Philemon - MR Vincent - 1906.pdf

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44 PHILIPPIANS [l. 1 bishop, presbyter, reader, deacon. The bishop is the shepherd of the flock. The presbyters, two in number, form the council of the bishop, oversee church disciphne, and take part with the bishop in the celebration of the Eucharist. The deacon has charge of the church charities, and keeps an eye upon disorderly members. The reader discharges the duties of an evangelist. He is a preacher or expounder, succeeding the evangeUst, who belonged originally to the class of charismatically endowed teachers (comp. Eph. iv. n) ; thus showing how formally appointed officials gradually succeeded to the functions of those who were supernaturally endowed by the Spirit. The office of the?thus acquired a different character when it assumed the teaching function. This does not yet appear in Clement. The function is described as/and-eiv (xUv.), yet the position is different from that of the Pauline period. With the passing away of the apostles, the authority of the bishop has increased. Its recognition no longer depends so exclusively on the approval of the members. Clement proclaims the apostolic origin and authority of the office, and at least suggests its Hfe-long tenure (xliv.), a theory, as Harnack justly says, which has the appearance of being devised to meet an emergency ; while some remnant of the earlier democratic sentiment is apparent in the ejection of the church authorities which was the occasion of Clement's letter. The bishop's office, therefore, was originally not spiritual but administrative. He had a local function in a particular community. The question as to the precise nature and range of this function cannot be answered decisively ; but some modern critics have, I think, narrowed it too much. Hatch, following in the track of Renan, Foucart, Liiders, Heinrici, and Weingarten, derives the term from the financial officers in the heathen municipalities or in the confraternities or guilds which were so common in the Roman Empire (see note on rrj [Philem. 2]), and regards the original as simply a financial officer. Sanday justly remarks that the evidence, on this theory, is rather better for than for {Expositor, 3d ser. v. p. 98). See also on this point, Reville, Les Origines de PApiscopai, p. 153 f. The subject of the relations of the Christian official nomenclature to that of the heathen guilds is ably discussed by Loening, Getneindeverfassimg, pp. 12, 20, 64. See also Sohm, Kirchenrecht, p. 87, and Salmon, . Expositor, 3d ser. vi. p. 18 ff. In favor of this view it is also urged that the earliest authorities concur in demanding that bishops should be free from covetousness. Thus the Didache requires that bishops and deacons shall be?(xv. i). So in I Tim. iii. 3, a bishop must be ,and a deacon (vs. 8) It is also
I. ] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 45 claimed that Tit. i. 7 is to the same effect, the bishop being described as Oeov. It is assumed, in short, that such expressions were determined by the special temptations which attached to the financial function of the bishop. It seems to me quite possible to lay undue stress upon these indications. Without denying that the episcopal function included, and was possibly largely concerned with the financial interests of the church, it could not have been confined to these. It must have extended to the social relations of the community, to inspection of the performance of social duties, to guardianship of those rules and traditions which were the charter of the infant organisation, and to representation of the community in its relations with other Christian churches or with the outside world. It can hardly be supposed that, in associations distinctively moral and religious, one who bore the title of overseer should have been concerned only with the material side of church life. (See RoviUe, p. 306 ff.). Sohm, whose Kirchtnrecht is among the very latest and strongest contributions to this discussion, holds that, though the original character of the bishop's office was administrative, the teaching function attached itself naturally to his duty of receiving and administering the offerings of the congregation presented at the celebration of the Eucharist. He claims that the episcopal office grew, primarily, out of this celebration, and that the bishop's distribution of the offerings to the poor involved a cure of souls and the consequent necessity of teaching. See also Reville, pp. 178, 309. But though it cannot be shown that the Christian title was formally imitated from the Pagan official, we are not thereby compelled to deny entirely the influence of the Pagan nomenclature in determining it. No doubt its adoption came about, in both cases, in the same natural way ; that is to say, just as senatus, and,and passed into official designa- tions through the natural association of authority with age, so €would be almost inevitably the designation of an overseer. The term was not furnished by the gospel tradition ; it did not come from the Jewish synagogue, and it does not appear in Paul's lists of those whom God has set in the church. The process of natural selection, however, would be helped by the familiar employment of the title in the clubs or guilds to designate functions analogous to those of the ecclesiastical administrator. (See the interesting remarks of Reville, p. 160 f.) The title can hardly, I think, be traced to the Old Testament. The usage there is predominantly functional. There are but two passages in the LXX where?has any connection with religious worship (Num. iv. 16 ; 2 K. xi. 18). It is applied to God (Job xx. 29), as it is applied to Christ in the New Testament (i Pet. ii. 25). It is used of officers in the army, and of overseers of workmen. The prevaiUng meaning of is "visitation," for punishment,
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-^ OF PR/*c^ •iloSKALSt»^ So
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t Itttnnational Cnfiral Commttitarg
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: THE INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMEN
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Z^t 3nternaftonaf Criticaf Commenfd
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THE INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMENmR
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if PREFACE The two epistles treated
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CONTENTS — THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAU
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INTRODUCTION burying-place, and was
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Xii INTRODUCTION The governors of t
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xiv INTRODUCTION According to Appia
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XVi INTRODUCTION The Romans became
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Xviii INTRODUCTION this deity have
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XX INTRODUCTION pride in his own ci
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xxii INTRODUCTION was a law of Clau
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xxiv INTRODUCTION to Thessalonica,
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XXVI INTRODUCTION epistles of Paul
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XXviii INTRODUCTION Phil. ii. 9). T
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XXX INTRODUCTION cient to account f
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XXXli INTRODUCTION The theory of tw
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XXxiv INTRODUCTION an expression of
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XXXvi INTRODUCTION lives according
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xxxvm TEXT SECONDARY UNCIALS K. Cod
Page 54 and 55: xl COMMENTARIES Le Clerc, Hyperius,
Page 56 and 57: xlii COMMENTARIES Karl BrAUNE : Die
Page 58 and 59: xliv ABBREVIATIONS Beng.
Page 61 and 62: TO THE PHILIPPIANS I. 1-11. THE PRO
Page 63 and 64: I. 1] THE PROLOGUE 3 established on
Page 65 and 66: I. 2, 3] THE PROLOGUE 5 and consequ
Page 67 and 68: I. 5, 6] THE PROLOGUE 7 ticipation
Page 69 and 70: I. 7] THE PROLOGUE 9 is to be of on
Page 71 and 72: I. 8, 9] THE PROLOGUE 1 passions, e
Page 73 and 74: I. 10] THE PROLOGUE 1 excel' (Matt.
Page 75 and 76: I. 11, 12] CAPTIVITY FURTHERS THE G
Page 77 and 78: I. 13, 14] THE ROMAN BRETHREN TAKE
Page 79 and 80: I. 15] THE ENVIOUS PREACHERS 1 denc
Page 81 and 82: I. 16, 17] THE ENVIOUS PREACHERS 21
Page 83 and 84: I. 18, 19] SALVATION THROUGH PERSEC
Page 85 and 86: I. 19, 20] CHRIST WILL BE MAGNIFIED
Page 87 and 88: I. 21, 22] WHETHER TO LIVE OR DIE ?
Page 89 and 90: I. 23, 24] TO BE WITH CHRIST IS BET
Page 91 and 92: I. 26] I SHALL ABIDE WITH YOU 3 is
Page 93 and 94: I, 27] IN ONE SPIRIT 33 would be fo
Page 95 and 96: I. 28, 29] THE GIFT OF SUFFERING 35
Page 97 and 98: I. 1] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 37 The th
Page 99 and 100: I. 1] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 39 an act
Page 101 and 102: I. 1] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 4 SiaKOvo
Page 103: I. 1] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 43 days i
Page 107 and 108: I. ] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 47 that th
Page 109 and 110: I. ] BISHOPS AND DEACONS 49 mention
Page 111 and 112: 1.13] NOTE ON Nothing is clearer th
Page 113 and 114: II. 1] EXHORTATION TO UNANIMITY, LO
Page 115 and 116: II. 2, 3] SHUN STRIFE AND VAINGLORY
Page 117 and 118: II. 5, 6] CHRIST THE EXAMPLE OF HUM
Page 119 and 120: . 6, 7] THE FORM OF A BONDSERVANT 5
Page 121 and 122: II. 8, 9] HUMILIATION ISSUED IN EXA
Page 123 and 124: II. 10, 11] JESUS CHRIST IS LORD 63
Page 125 and 126: II. 12] CARRY OUT YOUR OWN SALVATIO
Page 127 and 128: . 13-15] SHUN MURMURINGS AND QUESTI
Page 129 and 130: ' 8€€ : twisted ' or ' distorte
Page 131 and 132: II. 17] THE LIBATION OF BLOOD /I /
Page 133 and 134: II. 19, 20] HE HOPES TO SEND TIMOTH
Page 135 and 136: II. 25] HE SENDS EPAPHRODITUS 75 Ho
Page 137 and 138: . 28-30] HAZARD OF LIFE FOR CHRIST'
Page 139 and 140: II. 6-11] ON II. 6-1 with the condi
Page 141 and 142: II. 6-11] ON II. 6-1 ^, as by Weiss
Page 143 and 144: II. 6-11] ON II. 6-1 The Greek Fath
Page 145 and 146: II. 6-11] ON . 6-1 said that he wou
Page 147 and 148: II. 6-ll] ON II. 6-11 8/ sequence i
Page 149 and 150: II. 6-11] ON II. 6-1 refusing to in
Page 151 and 152: III. ] A WARNING AGAINST FALSE TEAC
Page 153 and 154: III. 2, 3] THE TRUE CIRCUMCISION 93
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III. 4] CONFIDENCE IN THE FLESH 95
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III. 5] A HEBREW OF HEBREWS 97 nati
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III. 6, 7] ALL LOST FOR CHRIST 99 i
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: III. 8, 9] collectively. ALL LOST
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III. 9, 10] THE RIGHTEOUSNESS OF FA
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III. 10] FELLOWSHIP WITH CHRIST'S S
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III. 11, 12] NOT YET PERFECTED 10/
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III. 13] FORGETTING WHAT IS BEHIND
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III. 14] THE HEAVENWARD CALLING 1 1
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III. 15] DO NOT CEASE TO STRIVE II3
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III. 16, 17] IMITATE HOLY EXAMPLES
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111.18,19] ENEMIES OF THE CROSS OF
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III. 20] THE HEAVENLY COMMONWEALTH
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III. 21] THE BODY OF CHRIST'S GLORY
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III. 8-10] RIGHTEOUSNESS BY FAITH 1
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IV. ] VARIOUS EXHORTATIONS TO UNITY
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IV. 2, 3] EUODIA, SYNTYCHE, AND SYN
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IV. 3-5] REJOICE AND FORBEAR 1 33 p
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IV. 6, 7] THE GUARDIANSHIP OF GOD'S
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IV. 7, 8] THE GUARDIANSHIP OF GOD'S
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IV. 8] TAKE ACCOUNT OF ALL GOOD THI
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IV, 9, 10] YOUR GIFT MADE ME GLAD I
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IV. 11, 12] SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN CHR
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IV. 12, 13] I CAN DO ALL THINGS I45
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IV. 15] THE FIRST TO HELP 1 47 15.
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IV. 16, 17] THE GIFT WILL ENRICH TH
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IV. 18, 19] GOD'S GLORIOUS SUPPLY 1
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IV. 21, 22] CLOSING SALUTATIONS 1 5
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THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL TO PHILEMON
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158 INTRODUCTION The traditions whi
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16 INTRODUCTION lines, inspired by
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1 62 INTRODUCTION and Eusebius. Wha
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1 64 INTRODUCTION and of the other
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1 66 INTRODUCTION nor a hint of suc
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1 68 INTRODUCTION impress of Christ
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TEXT See Introduction to Philippian
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TO PHILEMON THE SALUTATION 1-3. Pau
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2-4] THE CHURCH IN THE HOUSE 1 77 s
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5, 6] LOVE AND FAITH TO CHRIST AND
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6, 7] THE BRETHREN'S HEART REFRESHE
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8, 9] ENTREATY FOR LOVE'S SAKE 1 83
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10, 11] THE PROFITABLE SLAVE 1 85 o
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13, 14] A FAVOR FREELY GRANTED 1 87
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16, 17] MORE THAN A SLAVE 1 89 Phil
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19-22] REFRESH MY HEART I9I respons
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2] THE CHURCH IN THY HOUSE 193 He r
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Achaia, xi. Acts, date of, 41. INDE
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Klopper, ., on the date of the Phil
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^, P. 14. yw, P. 5, 9. INDEX OF GRE
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,1, 27, ii. 1 7, iii. 9; P. 5. INDE
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