(Netter Basic Science) Frank H. Netter - Atlas of Human Anatomy-Elsevier (2018)

Structures With High* Clinical Significance
ANATOMIC STRUCTURES
Orbit
SKELETAL SYSTEM
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Direct trauma to eye may result in “blowout” fracture; margin remains intact, but medial
and/or inferior walls of orbit have fractured
PLATE
NUMBERS
Pterion Weak area of skull that is common site of fracture 13
Temporomandibular joint Temporomandibular disorders are common source of pain and joint dysfunction 25
Cervical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid
cartilage
Ear ossicles
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of facial expression
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid,
trapezius muscles
Degenerative changes cause narrowing of intervertebral foramina that may cause cervical
radiculopathy
Bilateral fracture of pars interarticularis of C2 (spondylolysis) results from hyperextension
of head on neck and results in spondylolisthesis of C2 (hangman’s fracture); fractures
(common) are due to motor vehicle, snowmobile, and all-terrain vehicle accidents
11, 50
26–28
Palpable landmarks used for cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy 87, 90
Pathologic conditions involving ossicles (e.g., otosclerosis) can cause conductive hearing
loss
Used to assess function of CN VII during cranial nerve examination; may become weak or
paralyzed with CN VII dysfunction (e.g., Bell’s palsy)
Palpated to identify “nerve point of neck” for administration of anesthesia to cervical
plexus
26
105, 106
31, 134
Used to assess function of CN XI during cranial nerve examination 39, 138
Muscles of mastication Used to assess function of CN V (V 3 ) during cranial nerve examination 55, 56
Levator veli palatini,
musculus uvulae
Genioglossus muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris,
superior tarsal muscles
Used to assess function of CN X during cranial nerve examination; contralateral deviation
of uvula during elevation indicates CN X dysfunction
Used to assess CN XII function during cranial nerve examination; deviates to side of lesion
when protruded following CN XII injury
Muscles responsible for elevating eyelid; ptosis indicates pathologic change in CN III or
sympathetics (superior tarsal muscle)
Eye muscles Used to assess function of CN III, CN IV, and CN VI during cranial nerve examination 96, 98
Dilator pupillae muscle
Important in assessment of sympathetic function in head; lack of dilation indicates
interruption in sympathetic outflow (e.g., Horner’s syndrome)
39
67
70, 139
94, 96
101, 132
Sphincter pupillae muscle Involved in pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex 101, 132
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Paranasal sinuses Cavities in skull; prone to mucosal inflammation due to bacterial or viral infection 49, 50
Parotid gland
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Swelling of gland due to infection (e.g., mumps) may compress branches of facial nerve,
producing facial muscle weakness
53, 54
Table 2.1
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Clinical Tables