(Netter Basic Science) Frank H. Netter - Atlas of Human Anatomy-Elsevier (2018)

Degenerative Changes in Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
Degenerative changes
in the cervical spine
(ankylosing spondylitis)
Axis (C2)
C3 vertebral body
(sectioned in coronal plane)
Complete transverse cleft
in intervertebral disc
Uncovertebral joint
with cleft formation
Spread of cleft formation into
central portion of intervertebral
disc with age, leading to progressive
degenerative changes in the disc
Deformed vertebral bodies
and lipping of vertebral margins
Spondylophytes (osteophytes)
on uncinate processes
Narrowing of intervertebral foramen
C7 vertebra
Advanced ankylosing spondylitis with
uncovertebral arthrosis in C4 and C5
Advanced spondylophyte (osteophyte)
formation on uncinate processes
C4
Superior articular process
Facet joint ossified
owing to advanced
osteoarthritic change
Markedly narrowed
intervertebral foramen
may lead to compression
of spinal nerve
Vertebral body
C5
Inferior articular
process with facet
Uncovertebral joint fused owing to extensive
spondylophyte formation and ossification
Potential for compression of vertebral artery within transverse foramen
Groove for spinal nerve
on transverse process
Spinous process
Plate BP18
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