Interim report of the HELCOM CORESET project

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156 4. Candidate indicators for biodiversity and hazardous substances The HELCOM CORESET project identifi ed several indicators which fulfi lled the basic criteria to be proposed as core indicators, but that lacked some of the selection criteria, for example, validation of the scientifi c basis, links to pressures or the GES boundary. These indicators were labelled tentatively as candidate indicators and they will be revisited during the CORESET project. If fi nalized, the candidate indicators would fi ll signifi cant gaps in environmental assessments, covering functional groups, anthropogenic pressures or hazardous substances that are not addressed by any of the proposed core indicators. Although many of the candidate indicators require more work, some of them are close to being fi nalized. This chapter presents the candidate indicators, which were identifi ed in the HELCOM CORESET project.
The candidate indictors are listed in the summary table below and then described following the same numbering in separate sections. Table 4.1 also includes expected approaches to defi ne good environmental status for the indicators. Table 4.1. Candidate indicators for biodiversity, hazardous substances and effects of hazardous substances. Candidate indicators Approach to defi ne GES boundary Distribution of harbour porpoise Based on historic reference distribution. By-catch of marine mammals, seabirds and non-target fi sh Impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine mammals Fatty-acid composition of seals as measure of food composition Abundance of breeding populations of seabirds By-catch close to zero. Deviation from zero can be higher for nontarget fi sh species which have healthy stocks. Mammals and birds should have stricter targets. Modeling of noise intensity and mapping human activities causing noise. Basic scientifi c research on the fatty-acid composition, describing a balanced species composition of prey species. Defi ning sub-basin wise reference levels (mean of a selected time window) and a deviation from that. See OSPAR EcoQO. Proportion of oiled seabirds A decreasing trend (see OSPAR EcoQO). Incidentally and non-incidentally killed white-tailed eagles A decreasing trend. Salmon smolt production capacity GES boundary is based on a%-level which allows sustainable exploitation of the stock. The HELCOM proposal for the salmon potential smolt production capacity (PSPC) is 80%. Sea trout parr density GES boundary should be set on a%-level which supports a viable sea trout population in a river, taking into account also the exploitation pressure on the stock. Such target does not currently exist and therefore an interim target may need to be set in order to make initial assessments. The quality of the spawning habitat needs to be assessed on a class scale. Large fi sh individuals from fi shery- Reference conditions from fi shery independent data sets. based data sources Abundance of cyprinids in archipelago areas Ratio of opportunistic and perennial macroalgae Expert judgment Site-specifi c ratios. Partly established under WFD. Cladophora length Based on experimental data. Under development. Size distribution of benthic longliving species Based on low-impacted conditions (reference areas/periods). Blue mussel cover Long-term means + expert judgement Cumulative impacts on benthic habitats Based on the favourable conservation status of the EU Habitats Directive. Biomass of copepods Based on time periods of good nutritional status of herring. Biomass of microphageous zooplankton Based on time periods of good water transparency Zooplankton species diversity Based on species lists. Mean zooplankton size Long-term means + expert judgement. 157
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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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2 Helsinki Commission Katajanokanla
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4 4.16. Cumulative impact on benthi
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6 descriptions of the indicators. T
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8 The CORESET expert group on biodi
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10 fi sh stocks and change in diet,
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12 Figure 2.3. The prevalence of pr
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14 Seasonal changes in blubber thic
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16 Blubber thickness suggestions Bl
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18 Weaknesses/gaps Monitoring of th
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20 2.3. Population growth rate of m
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22 Annual adult survival 1 0,95 0,9
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24 Existing monitoring data Informa
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26 References Bäcklin, B. M. 2011.
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28 Reproduction in the Baltic eagle
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30 Breeding success The proportion
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32 of the real number of nestlings
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34 Gaps and weaknesses Minimum dete
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36 2.5. Abundance of wintering popu
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38 Table 2.10. Pressures affecting
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40 Refrences Skov et al. (2000) Bir
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42 termined by application of the 7
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44 Approach for defi ning GES All s
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46 Sampling It is suggested to incl
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48 2.7. Fish population abundance 2
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50 Coastal Fish - Community Abundan
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52 When a reference data set cannot
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54 well, but were not included in t
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56 Weighting For Nordic Costal mult
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58 12. Current monitoring Monitored
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60 Błeńska M., Osowiecki A., Kra
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62 10. Spatial considerations Fucus
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64 2.15. Trend in the arrival of ne
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66 jectives is to reach “No intro
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68 Sweden Figure 2.23 shows the rat
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70 Strengths and weaknesses of data
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72 need to be revisited in light of
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74 Considering the data set availab
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76 In Denmark, the highest contamin
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78 Status of a compound on internat
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80 A temporal analysis (EU-RAR 2006
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82 Pathways of PFOS to the Baltic e
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84 In regions less affected by anth
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86 3.4. Polychlorinated biphenyls a
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88 actions related to the environme
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90 The CORESET expert group decided
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92 pheric deposition pattern (lowes
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94 3.5. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (
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96 GES boundaries and matrix Existi
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98 Quality Assurance of PAH metabol
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100 Ariese F, Burgers I, Oudhoff K,
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102 GES boundaries and matrices Exi
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104 3.7. Cesium-137 Authors: Jürge
Page 108 and 109: 106 Figure 3.5. Average surface lev
Page 110 and 111: 108 Temporal trends in concentratio
Page 112 and 113: 110 Other important sources are glo
Page 114 and 115: 112 Conceptual model of the sources
Page 116 and 117: 114 3.8 Tributyltin (TBT) and the i
Page 118 and 119: 116 GES boundaries and matrix Exist
Page 120 and 121: 118 Monitoring the compound Status
Page 122 and 123: 120 Recommendation TBT measurements
Page 124 and 125: 122 3. Frogs have been shown to app
Page 126 and 127: 124 not fi sh (Köhler et al. 2002;
Page 128 and 129: 126 The use of different fi sh spec
Page 130 and 131: 128 Kirchin, M.A. Moore, M.N. Dean,
Page 132 and 133: 130 3.11. Fish Disease Index: Exter
Page 134 and 135: 132 Confounding factors The multifa
Page 136 and 137: 134 analyses ICES data from various
Page 138 and 139: 136 An EAC is the threshold beyond
Page 140 and 141: 138 3.12. Micronucleus test Authors
Page 142 and 143: 140 main nuclei were not counted as
Page 144 and 145: 142 ing national data sets. Note: t
Page 146 and 147: 144 Baršienė J. Rybakovas A. 2006
Page 148 and 149: 146 3.13 A. Reproductive disorders
Page 150 and 151: 148 dead larvae can be induced by s
Page 152 and 153: 150 Strand, J, Dahllöf, I. (2005).
Page 154 and 155: 152 of contaminants in sediments wi
Page 156 and 157: 154 Eriksson Wiklund, A-K., and Sun
Page 160 and 161: 158 Zooplankton-phytoplankton bioma
Page 162 and 163: 160 4.2. By-catch of marine mammals
Page 164 and 165: 162 4.3. Impacts of anthropogenic u
Page 166 and 167: 164 4.4. Fatty-acid composition of
Page 168 and 169: 166 7. Use of the indicator in prev
Page 170 and 171: 168 10. Spatial considerations Balt
Page 172 and 173: 170 4.10. Large fi sh individuals f
Page 174 and 175: 172 11. Temporal considerations Sam
Page 180 and 181: 178 A proposal for an approach to a
Page 182 and 183: 180 Technical data Metadata This is
Page 184 and 185: 182 F igure 4.1. Map showing the cu
Page 186 and 187: 184 4.17. Biomass of copepods 1. Wo
Page 188 and 189: 186 4.19. Zooplankton species diver
Page 190 and 191: 188 indirectly impacted by eutrophi
Page 192 and 193: 190 Notes for the GES boundary The
Page 194 and 195: 192 Step 3: Prepare a list of speci
Page 196 and 197: 194 4.22. Phytoplankton diversity 1
Page 198 and 199: 196 4. Policy relevance Nonylphenol
Page 200 and 201: 198 among different studies/measure
Page 202 and 203: 200 4.27. EROD/CYP1A induction The
Page 204 and 205: 202 5.1. Summary of all supplementa
Page 206 and 207: 204 Table 5.1. (continues) Suppleme
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206 5.5. Biopollution level index 1
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208 NIS for aquaculture purposes. O
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210 Balanus improvisus Baltic Katte
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212 Figure 5.3. The scheme for asse
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214 5.6. Organochlorine compounds G
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216 EU Directive 2008/105/ EC Daugh
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218 Table 5.4. Monitoring of HCB, H
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