Interim report of the HELCOM CORESET project

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214 5.6. Organochlorine compounds General information Author: Michael Haarich Acknowledged persons: Anders Bignert, Elin Boalt, Anna Brzozowska, Galina Garnaga, Jenny Hedman, Ulrike Kamman, Thomas Lang, Martin M. Larsen, Kari Lehtonen, Jaakko Mannio, Rita Poikane, Rolf Schneider, Doris Schiedek, Jakob Strand, Joanna Szlinder-Richert, Tamara Zalewska General properties Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) , Hexachlorohexane isomers (HCHs) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites DDD (1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene) and DDE (1,1-bis-(chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene) are toxic organic pollutants, which have been used mainly as insecticides (HCHs, DDTs) or fungicides (HCB) in the Baltic region partly up to the mid-1990s. HCHs and DDTs have been applied as technical mixtures, the DDTs dominated by the para-phenyl-chlorinated isomers, the HCHs by alpha and gamma-HCH in the past, later in Western Europe only more or less pure gamma-HCH was used. They are less volatile and water soluble, in the marine environment they are mainly attached to particles of suspended matter (SPM) and sediments and accumulate in the lipids of organisms. Due to their properties these substances are belonging to the so-called PBT-compounds (persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic). Main impacts on the environment and human health Due to their persistence HCB, HCHs and DDTs are still remaining in the marine environment even decades after the use having been banned or phased out. They are taken up by organisms, bio-accumulated and bio-magnifi ed in the food chain up to the top-predators, the marine mammals, seabirds and humans. The prevailing toxic effects described for these substances are negative impacts on behavior, growth, enzyme and hormone status and reproduction, histo-pathological fi ndings, carcinogenic, increased mortality, acute intoxication and decrease of populations. The best example for the latter was the threat to the sea eagle at the Baltic Sea. The ecotoxicological classifi cation for fi sh is ranging from high to very high toxic (only HCB is ranked as moderate), and for molluscs, crustaceans and plankton differing and depending on substance and isomer from slight (DDE in zooplankton) to very high toxic for DDD in crustaceans or DDT in phytoplankton. The HELCOM thematic assessment showed that the concentrations of DDE exceeded in many sites the thresholds (HELCOM 2010), whereas HCHs and HCB were generally below the thresholds. Status of a compound on international priority lists and other policy relevance In Table 5.2 the most important conventions, directives and related monitoring programmes are listed, which are including HCB, HCHs and DDTs as indicator, parameter or hazardous substance of concern.
Table 5.2. Occurrence of HCB, HCHs and DDTs on international priority lists. Convention/ Programme/ List HELCOM Combine HELCOM List of potential substances of concern (Recommendation 19/5; Attachment Appendix 2) HELCOM BSAP OSPAR CEMP OSPAR MON Assessment OSPAR List of Chemicals for Priority Action (Update 2007) Monitoring Compound/-group Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Biota herring/perch muscle (core/coastal core programme) cod liver (main programme) Sediment Not part of the regular COMBINE programme hexachloro-cyclohexane (HCH)-isomers herring /perch muscle (core/coastal core programme) cod liver (main programme) Macoma baltica soft tissue (main programme) Blue mussel soft tissue (supporting programme) Not part of the regular COMBINE programme DDT and Metabolites DDD (TDE) and DDE herring/perch muscle (core/coastal core programme) cod liver (main programme) Macoma baltica soft tissue (main programme) Blue mussel soft tissue (supporting programme) Not part of the regular COMBINE programme Water In total sea water In total sea water In total sea water Substance for immediate priority action Substance for immediate priority action Substance for immediate priority action No indicator of the BSAP list of Substances or substance groups of specifi c concern to the Baltic Sea No indicator of CEMP-monitoring Background Document Reference number 2004-12 TMAP Biota fi sh, mussel, bird eggs (mandatory) EU Directive 2000/60/ EC WFD Not part of the list and no background document fi sh, mussel, bird eggs (mandatory) Not part of the list and no background document fi sh, mussel, bird eggs (mandatory) Sediment mandatory mandatory mandatory Appendix X, replaced by of EU Directive 2008/105/EC, Annex II Appendix X, replaced by of EU Directive 2008/105/EC, Annex II 215
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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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2 Helsinki Commission Katajanokanla
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4 4.16. Cumulative impact on benthi
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6 descriptions of the indicators. T
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8 The CORESET expert group on biodi
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10 fi sh stocks and change in diet,
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12 Figure 2.3. The prevalence of pr
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14 Seasonal changes in blubber thic
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16 Blubber thickness suggestions Bl
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18 Weaknesses/gaps Monitoring of th
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20 2.3. Population growth rate of m
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22 Annual adult survival 1 0,95 0,9
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24 Existing monitoring data Informa
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26 References Bäcklin, B. M. 2011.
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28 Reproduction in the Baltic eagle
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30 Breeding success The proportion
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32 of the real number of nestlings
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34 Gaps and weaknesses Minimum dete
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36 2.5. Abundance of wintering popu
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38 Table 2.10. Pressures affecting
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40 Refrences Skov et al. (2000) Bir
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42 termined by application of the 7
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44 Approach for defi ning GES All s
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46 Sampling It is suggested to incl
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48 2.7. Fish population abundance 2
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50 Coastal Fish - Community Abundan
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52 When a reference data set cannot
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54 well, but were not included in t
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56 Weighting For Nordic Costal mult
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58 12. Current monitoring Monitored
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60 Błeńska M., Osowiecki A., Kra
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62 10. Spatial considerations Fucus
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64 2.15. Trend in the arrival of ne
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66 jectives is to reach “No intro
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68 Sweden Figure 2.23 shows the rat
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70 Strengths and weaknesses of data
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72 need to be revisited in light of
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74 Considering the data set availab
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76 In Denmark, the highest contamin
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78 Status of a compound on internat
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80 A temporal analysis (EU-RAR 2006
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82 Pathways of PFOS to the Baltic e
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84 In regions less affected by anth
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86 3.4. Polychlorinated biphenyls a
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88 actions related to the environme
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90 The CORESET expert group decided
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92 pheric deposition pattern (lowes
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94 3.5. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (
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96 GES boundaries and matrix Existi
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98 Quality Assurance of PAH metabol
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100 Ariese F, Burgers I, Oudhoff K,
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102 GES boundaries and matrices Exi
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104 3.7. Cesium-137 Authors: Jürge
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106 Figure 3.5. Average surface lev
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108 Temporal trends in concentratio
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110 Other important sources are glo
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112 Conceptual model of the sources
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114 3.8 Tributyltin (TBT) and the i
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116 GES boundaries and matrix Exist
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118 Monitoring the compound Status
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120 Recommendation TBT measurements
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122 3. Frogs have been shown to app
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124 not fi sh (Köhler et al. 2002;
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126 The use of different fi sh spec
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128 Kirchin, M.A. Moore, M.N. Dean,
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130 3.11. Fish Disease Index: Exter
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132 Confounding factors The multifa
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134 analyses ICES data from various
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136 An EAC is the threshold beyond
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138 3.12. Micronucleus test Authors
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140 main nuclei were not counted as
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142 ing national data sets. Note: t
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144 Baršienė J. Rybakovas A. 2006
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146 3.13 A. Reproductive disorders
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148 dead larvae can be induced by s
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150 Strand, J, Dahllöf, I. (2005).
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152 of contaminants in sediments wi
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154 Eriksson Wiklund, A-K., and Sun
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156 4. Candidate indicators for bio
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158 Zooplankton-phytoplankton bioma
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160 4.2. By-catch of marine mammals
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162 4.3. Impacts of anthropogenic u
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Page 180 and 181: 178 A proposal for an approach to a
Page 182 and 183: 180 Technical data Metadata This is
Page 184 and 185: 182 F igure 4.1. Map showing the cu
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Page 204 and 205: 202 5.1. Summary of all supplementa
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Page 208 and 209: 206 5.5. Biopollution level index 1
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Page 212 and 213: 210 Balanus improvisus Baltic Katte
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