Interim report of the HELCOM CORESET project

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164 4.4. Fatty-acid composition of seals as measure of food composition This candidate indicator is a measure of food composition and, thus, follows changes in the food web. There is very little data available of the fatty-acid composition in the seals. The data set should be widened and used to determine the fatty-acid composition which indicates good environmental status of food webs. It should also be ensured that the fatty-acid composition of studied individuals is not caused by other factors such as illnesses or hazardous substances. This indicator requires basic scientifi c research until it can be used in environmental assessments. 4.5. Abundance of breeding populations of seabirds 1. Working team: Seabirds 2. Name of candidate indicator Abundance of breeding populations of seabirds 3. Unit of the candidate indicator Species-level: individuals Integrated level: proportion of species above the target 4. Description of proposed indicator Seabirds are signifi cant predators and herbivores of the marine ecosystem. The indicator follows population sizes of pre-selected seabird species, belonging to different functional groups. The indicator follows the OSPAR EcoQO for breeding birds, where each species has a separate reference level and target level but the indicator measures the proportion of species reaching their targets. The indicator should be set separately to different sub-basins of the Baltic Sea, as species abundances and even species composition varies geographically in the Baltic Sea. 5. Functional group or habitat type Coastal herbivores, coastal benthic feeders, coastal pelagic fi sh feeders, offshore pelagic fi sh feeders 6. Policy relevance Descriptor 1, criterion 1.2 Population size Descriptor 4, criterion 4.2 Abundance/distribution of key trophic groups and species (Descriptor 5 & 6: indirectly) 7. Use of the indicator in previous assessments OSPAR EcoQO 8. Link to anthropogenic pressures The breeding seabirds are directly impacted by habitat loss, oil spills, by-catch of fi sheries, hunting, displacement by offshore constructions and shipping traffi c. Indirect impacts include eutrophication and physical disturbance of bottom sediments (through changes in food supplies). Although eutrophication affects the population only indirectly, it is the most signifi cant factor affecting the abundance of breeding seabirds. 9. Pressure(s) that the indicator refl ect Habitat loss, selective extraction of species, introduction of synthetic compounds, input of fertilisers and organic matter, abrasion and selective extraction, changes in siltation and thermal regime, other physical disturbance. 10. Spatial considerations Seabirds breed in all the sub-basins of the Baltic Sea, but the species composition and abundance varies geographically. Therefore, each sub-basin should have an own list of selected indicator species with own reference levels and target levels. The assessments should be made on the sub-basin level.
11. Temporal considerations Frequency: ideally as often as possible, but realistically perhaps every fi fth year 12. Current monitoring Monitoring done in all the Contracting States. Measured parameters must be compared and the indicator species agreed and included in the monitoring. 13. Proposed or perceived target setting approach with a short justifi cation. The reference level for each seabird population should be set at a population size that is considered desirable for each individual species within each geographical area. This should be set for each species based on expert judgement of when population levels were subject to low impact by human activities. In the OSPAR EcoQO the target level was set to the level of standard deviation from the reference level. The lower target depended, however, partly on the species; species laying one egg were given stricter target (being more sensitive) than species laying more eggs. The proportion of species reaching their target is the “integrated indicator”. The target level could be 75% as in the OSPAR EcoQO. Additional indicators for the breeding seabird populations The abundance of breeding seabirds is a good indicator for following long-term changes, whereas it is not feasible for detecting short-term changes. Short-term responses to environmental changes can be better followed by reproductive parameters, such as breeding success or brood size. The OSPAR EcoQO (under development) for the breeding success of the kittiwake is an example of such an indicator. It may be used as an indicator for the abundance of sandeel that also serves as a major food source for many other bird, fi sh and marine mammal species. Sandeel availability may be low because of natural reasons, or through industrial fi shing that competes with seabirds. When the breeding success of kittiwake is low over a threeyear period, this is likely to be triggered by low abundance of sandeel in coastal areas. The indicator thus shows the status of sandeel and kittiwake populations and the need to reduce industrial fi shing. In the Baltic Sea, the availability of data on brood size and breeding success needs to be clarifi ed. The national monitoring programmes to monitor the breeding populations of sea birds can be also used to develop a distribution indicator. The indicator would require sub-basin wise species selection and setting of GES boundaries. In addition, it should be decided which density threshold is used to determine the margin of distribution. 4.6. Proportion of seabirds being oiled 1. Working team Sea birds 2. Name of candidate indicator Proportion of seabirds being oiled 3. Unit of the candidate indicator Number of oiled seabirds per species 4. Description of proposed indicator Proportion of oiled seabirds found in the winter-time population counts are being used for the estimate of this indicator. In addition, proportion of oiled seabirds among those found dead or dying on beaches can be used as an additional information. 5. Functional group or habitat type Mainly offshore benthic feeders and offshore pelagic and surface feeding birds 6. Policy relevance Descriptor 1 Descriptor 4 165
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Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings
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2 Helsinki Commission Katajanokanla
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4 4.16. Cumulative impact on benthi
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6 descriptions of the indicators. T
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8 The CORESET expert group on biodi
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10 fi sh stocks and change in diet,
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12 Figure 2.3. The prevalence of pr
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14 Seasonal changes in blubber thic
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16 Blubber thickness suggestions Bl
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18 Weaknesses/gaps Monitoring of th
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20 2.3. Population growth rate of m
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22 Annual adult survival 1 0,95 0,9
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24 Existing monitoring data Informa
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26 References Bäcklin, B. M. 2011.
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28 Reproduction in the Baltic eagle
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30 Breeding success The proportion
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32 of the real number of nestlings
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34 Gaps and weaknesses Minimum dete
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36 2.5. Abundance of wintering popu
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38 Table 2.10. Pressures affecting
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40 Refrences Skov et al. (2000) Bir
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42 termined by application of the 7
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44 Approach for defi ning GES All s
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46 Sampling It is suggested to incl
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48 2.7. Fish population abundance 2
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50 Coastal Fish - Community Abundan
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52 When a reference data set cannot
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54 well, but were not included in t
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56 Weighting For Nordic Costal mult
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58 12. Current monitoring Monitored
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60 Błeńska M., Osowiecki A., Kra
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62 10. Spatial considerations Fucus
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64 2.15. Trend in the arrival of ne
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66 jectives is to reach “No intro
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68 Sweden Figure 2.23 shows the rat
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70 Strengths and weaknesses of data
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72 need to be revisited in light of
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74 Considering the data set availab
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76 In Denmark, the highest contamin
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78 Status of a compound on internat
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80 A temporal analysis (EU-RAR 2006
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82 Pathways of PFOS to the Baltic e
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84 In regions less affected by anth
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86 3.4. Polychlorinated biphenyls a
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88 actions related to the environme
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90 The CORESET expert group decided
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92 pheric deposition pattern (lowes
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94 3.5. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (
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96 GES boundaries and matrix Existi
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98 Quality Assurance of PAH metabol
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100 Ariese F, Burgers I, Oudhoff K,
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102 GES boundaries and matrices Exi
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104 3.7. Cesium-137 Authors: Jürge
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106 Figure 3.5. Average surface lev
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108 Temporal trends in concentratio
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110 Other important sources are glo
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112 Conceptual model of the sources
Page 116 and 117: 114 3.8 Tributyltin (TBT) and the i
Page 118 and 119: 116 GES boundaries and matrix Exist
Page 120 and 121: 118 Monitoring the compound Status
Page 122 and 123: 120 Recommendation TBT measurements
Page 124 and 125: 122 3. Frogs have been shown to app
Page 126 and 127: 124 not fi sh (Köhler et al. 2002;
Page 128 and 129: 126 The use of different fi sh spec
Page 130 and 131: 128 Kirchin, M.A. Moore, M.N. Dean,
Page 132 and 133: 130 3.11. Fish Disease Index: Exter
Page 134 and 135: 132 Confounding factors The multifa
Page 136 and 137: 134 analyses ICES data from various
Page 138 and 139: 136 An EAC is the threshold beyond
Page 140 and 141: 138 3.12. Micronucleus test Authors
Page 142 and 143: 140 main nuclei were not counted as
Page 144 and 145: 142 ing national data sets. Note: t
Page 146 and 147: 144 Baršienė J. Rybakovas A. 2006
Page 148 and 149: 146 3.13 A. Reproductive disorders
Page 150 and 151: 148 dead larvae can be induced by s
Page 152 and 153: 150 Strand, J, Dahllöf, I. (2005).
Page 154 and 155: 152 of contaminants in sediments wi
Page 156 and 157: 154 Eriksson Wiklund, A-K., and Sun
Page 158 and 159: 156 4. Candidate indicators for bio
Page 160 and 161: 158 Zooplankton-phytoplankton bioma
Page 162 and 163: 160 4.2. By-catch of marine mammals
Page 164 and 165: 162 4.3. Impacts of anthropogenic u
Page 168 and 169: 166 7. Use of the indicator in prev
Page 170 and 171: 168 10. Spatial considerations Balt
Page 172 and 173: 170 4.10. Large fi sh individuals f
Page 174 and 175: 172 11. Temporal considerations Sam
Page 180 and 181: 178 A proposal for an approach to a
Page 182 and 183: 180 Technical data Metadata This is
Page 184 and 185: 182 F igure 4.1. Map showing the cu
Page 186 and 187: 184 4.17. Biomass of copepods 1. Wo
Page 188 and 189: 186 4.19. Zooplankton species diver
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Page 192 and 193: 190 Notes for the GES boundary The
Page 194 and 195: 192 Step 3: Prepare a list of speci
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Page 198 and 199: 196 4. Policy relevance Nonylphenol
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Page 204 and 205: 202 5.1. Summary of all supplementa
Page 206 and 207: 204 Table 5.1. (continues) Suppleme
Page 208 and 209: 206 5.5. Biopollution level index 1
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Page 212 and 213: 210 Balanus improvisus Baltic Katte
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214 5.6. Organochlorine compounds G
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216 EU Directive 2008/105/ EC Daugh
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218 Table 5.4. Monitoring of HCB, H
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