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1.2 Definition To describe the state of the art in intelligent textiles, a general definition of what is understood by “intelligent” textiles is presupposed. There is no precise definition of the term “intelligent” or “smart” with reference to textiles. However, in the following we are trying to approach the term in scope of the aforementioned material. The essence of intelligence is being able to sense the surrounding and to react upon it. Intelligent or smart materials are hence able to react upon stimuli from the surrounding. These stimulating factors can be of various origins, like temperature, light, humidity, electricity, force, pressure, mechanics, chemicals or magnetism. The concept of intelligent materials was first defined in Japan in 1989. In the U.S. this kind of materials are called Smart Materials. The discovery of shape memory materials in the 1960s and intelligent polymeric gels in the 1970s were however generally accepted as the birth of smart/intelligent materials. Shape memory silk yarn was introduced as the first smart textile in Japan in 1979. It was not before the late nineties that the concept of intelligent textiles was commonly known in the textile industry. There have been technical textiles, functional textiles and now a new discipline, intelligent textiles, has arisen. According to the manner of reaction, intelligent textile materials can be classified into three categories: passive smart, active smart and very smart. Passive smart materials can only sense their environment or external stimuli, they are sensors. Active smart materials sense stimuli from the environment and react to them; they are sensors and actuators. Very smart materials sense, react and adapt their behaviour to the given circumstances [2]. In principle, a smart textile is the integration of sensors, actuators, computing, such as data transmission and processing, and power sources into the textile, the whole being part of an interactive communication network. It is not of necessity for a textile to contain all these five functions. The change in environmental conditions will cause the material to change instantaneously in form, colour or structure. Sometimes, the change in the material is clearly visible, but sometimes it also takes place on a molecular level, completely invisible to the human eye. These smart materials are incorporated into the textile structure by different technologies. Among those are spinning, extruding, weaving, knitting, making a non woven, braiding, embroidering, sewing, coating, finishing, laminating and printing. The resulting intelligent textile will have self-regulating properties on the basis of changes that occur in its surrounding [3]. 3
A search to the first intelligent textile material could lead us all the way back to 1929. The research of March and co-workers studied the crease recovery of cellulose fabrics in wet and dry state. One of the first examples considered as an intelligent textile is GORETEX 1 . It was developed about twenty years ago. The fabric is a breathing membrane exuding sweat without admitting the rain to get in. In a strict sense, it is not a smart material as its properties do not change under the influence of the surroundings. It can better be classified as a functional textile, its function being the breathability [3]. A study about intelligent textiles is in a first stage reduced to a study about smart materials. In a second phase, it is to be considered in which way these smart materials can be processed into a textile material. A textile material is traditionally a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a braided fabric or a non-woven. The building stones of the textile material are fibres, which can be further developed into yarns or filaments. Innumerable combinations of these source materials result into a whole range of textile materials. Each of these materials already has a number of properties, such as: • dimensions : length – width – thickness • transformability • permeability • absorptive power • stiffness • tensile strength • ... It is clear that the intelligent character of the textile material can be introduced on different levels. It can occur on fibre level, a coating can be applied, other yarns can be added to the textile material, and it is even possible to closely connect completely independent appliances with the textile. As mentioned before, three components may be present. Sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals, thus in a passive smart material, the existence of sensors is essential. The actuators act upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit; together with the sensors, they are the essential element for active smart materials. At even higher level, like very smart materials, another kind of unit is essential, which works like a brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating capacities. 1 GORE-TEX is a membrane from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a very small pore size. This prevents water droplets, which are 20.000 times bigger than the pores, from penetrating into the membrane whereas vapour molecules exuded by a transpiring body can migrate through the pores. 4
Page 1 and 2: Clevertex Development of a strategi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
Page 5 and 6: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 7 and 8: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 9: Against this background, the presen
Page 13 and 14: Besides metal fibres and yarns also
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
Page 17 and 18: However, they cannot provide unifor
Page 19 and 20: The Textile Research Institute of T
Page 21 and 22: Researchers at the Electronics Depa
Page 23 and 24: ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
Page 25 and 26: mp3players and mobile phones. They
Page 27 and 28: The American-based company Logitech
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
Page 31 and 32: However, next to monitoring device
Page 33 and 34: substrate and fabricated at high pr
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
Page 37 and 38: A first step towards wearable elect
Page 39 and 40: The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
Page 41 and 42: textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
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problem should be taken care of at
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the result of the coupled conductiv
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Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
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exercises. The data base analyses t
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power and ground planes, the circui
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especially in carpets. In this case
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construction, an extra wire is need
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Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
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2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
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coated Copper wires. Further, they
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effects such as violet becoming red
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chiral nematic phase is its ability
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esume their original chemical struc
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The American company Color Change C
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International Fashion Machines prod
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Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
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Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
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Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
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on a Jacquard loom before being pro
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The company VISSON in co-operation
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Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
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A mixture of four components (a liq
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generated by a light source and is
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material which scatters or diffuses
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Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
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2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
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2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
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automatic healing response. The mat
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Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
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Shape memory polymers possess some
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fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
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made out of this fabric. The sleeve
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Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
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Polymers Study is now on the way to
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Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
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increasing quantities of the aqueou
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allows the production of several fu
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2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
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So far, a dress, messenger bags and
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2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
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esearch objectives and five cross-c
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2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
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Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
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andage. Therefore, active (controll
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[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
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[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
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[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
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[124] We make money not art: The Em
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[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160:
[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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