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Photonic crystal fibres Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs), which are optical fibres that employ a microstructured arrangement of low-index material in a background material of higher refractive index, were first demonstrated in 1996. The background material is often undoped silica and the low index region is typically provided by air voids running along the length of the fibre. PCFs may be divided into two categories, high index guiding fibers and low index guiding fibres. Similar to conventional fibres, high index guiding fibres are guiding light in a solid core by the Modified Total Internal Reflection (M-TIR) principle. The total internal reflection is caused by the lower effective index in the microstructured air-filled region. Low index guiding fibres guide light by the photonic bandgap (PBG) effect. The light is confined to the low index core as the PBG effect makes propagation in the microstructured cladding region impossible. The strong wavelength dependency of the effective refractive index and the inherently large design flexibility of the PCFs allow for a whole new range of novel properties. Such properties include endlessly single-moded fibres, extremely nonlinear fibres and fibres with anomalous dispersion in the visible wavelength region. M-TIR is analogous to total internal reflection known from standard optical fibres. It relies on a high index core region, typically pure silica, surrounded by a lower effective index provided by the microstructured region. The effective index of such a fibre can, in the simple case, be approximated by a standard step index fibre, with a high index core and a low index cladding. However, the refractive index of the microstructured cladding in PCFs exhibits a wavelength dependency very different from pure silica - an effect which allows PCFs to be designed with a complete new set of properties not possible with standard technology. As an example, the strong wavelength dependence of the refractive index allows design of endlessly single-moded fibres, where only a single mode is supported regardless of optical wavelength. Furthermore, it is possible to alter the dispersion properties of the fibres, thereby making it possible to design fibres with an anomalous dispersion at visible wavelengths. 87
Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More complex index structures can also be constructed by utilising arrangements of holes of different size in various periodic or nonperiodic structures. In addition, highly asymmetric core fibres can be fabricated thereby creating fibres with very high level of birefringence. The technology also makes it possible to create highly nonlinear fibres which can be used for e.g. super continuum generation [148]. A research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is working on the design, production and characterisation of optoelectronic fibres consisting of metallic, semiconductive and insulating materials. Basically, optoelectronics encompasses the study, design and manufacture of hardware devices that convert electrical signals into photon signals and vice versa. Any device that operates as an electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducer is considered an optoelectronic device [149]. In order to result in highly uniform fibres with well-controlled geometries and good optical properties, they used a fibre-drawing technique from a preform. This preform is made up by a low melting temperature crystalline conductor (Sn), amorphous semiconductors (As-Se-Te-Sn and As2Se3) and a high glass transition temperature polymeric insulator (polyetherimide and polyethersulphone). It is heated up in a furnace and drawn into a fibre. A single fibre can be regarded as an optoelectronic device, but by modification it can adapt more functionality. Therefore, the researchers developed a fibre structure that is capable for dual electron-photon transport. This is achieved by a hollow air core fibre surrounded by a mirror layer, within which the light is confined. The fibres’ clad contains an array of Sn metal strands that give an ohmic response at the same time. The scientists also succeeded in developing a light sensitive fibre. The working principle can be described as follows: Sn metal electrodes in the fibre core contact a photoconductive chalcogenide cylinder which produces a current upon illumination under bias conditions. As these fibres are flexible, they can be processed into a woven structure, which then has the ability to identify the location of illumination. Possible application areas represent fabrics embedded into computer screens or projectors. Thus, instead of using a mousse for communication with the computer, a light beam can be utilised because the screen can detect the location where it was hit [150, 151]. 88
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Clevertex Development of a strategi
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Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Against this background, the presen
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A search to the first intelligent t
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Besides metal fibres and yarns also
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Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
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However, they cannot provide unifor
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The Textile Research Institute of T
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Researchers at the Electronics Depa
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ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
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mp3players and mobile phones. They
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The American-based company Logitech
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2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
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However, next to monitoring device
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substrate and fabricated at high pr
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Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
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A first step towards wearable elect
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The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
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textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
Page 61 and 62: problem should be taken care of at
Page 63 and 64: the result of the coupled conductiv
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
Page 67 and 68: exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70: power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72: especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74: construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78: 2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80: coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82: effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84: chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86: esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88: The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90: International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92: Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93: Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 97 and 98: on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100: The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104: A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106: generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108: material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112: 2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116: automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118: Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120: Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122: fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124: made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126: Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128: Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132: increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133 and 134: allows the production of several fu
Page 135 and 136: 2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138: So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140: 2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142: esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144: 2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
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Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
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andage. Therefore, active (controll
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[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
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[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
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[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
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[124] We make money not art: The Em
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[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
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[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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