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2.1.2.1 Electro-conductive fibres Electro conductive fibres have already been used for years in various industrial applications for the purpose of controlling static and electromagnetic interference shielding. Today, conductive fibres find new applications in the development of electronics and smart textiles. They can be classified into two general categories, namely intrinsically conductive fibres and fibres that are specially treated to gain conductivity. Different production methods are used to produce electro conductive fibres, among them are wire drawing, bundled wire drawing, cutting production method, melt spinning and melt extraction. Intrinsically conductive fibres These fibres are pure metals, such as nickel, stainless steel, titanium, aluminium and copper, a metal alloy or carbon. Recently, also the development of intrinsically conductive polymer fibres has been reported, which is described at the end of this paragraph. In general, intrinsically conductive fibres conductors without adding a conductive substance. The conventional process to produce metal fibres is wire drawing, a mechanical production process. This process is characterised by its various drawing steps, called coarse, medium, fine and carding train. The drawing die, used to draw the fibre, consists of a steel mount with a core out of ceramics, carbide or diamond. The initial diameter of the metal wire varies depending on the material. For copper, for instance, it is usually is 8mm, while for iron it is 5mm. After drawing, the wire is annealed in steel at temperatures ranging between 600 and 900°C. Subsequently, they are quenched. The fine metal wire is then wrapped onto a revolving wire drawing cylinder. The wires produced in this way are used today in metal spun yarns which are produced by wrapping the wire around a core yarn or are used to be processed further, e.g. by the bundling drawing process that is briefly described below [12]. Another mechanical metal fibre production process is the bundle drawing procedure. In this process 1000 to 2000 conventional drawn wires are bundled to one strand and are wrapped by a thin metal cylinder. The method is illustrated in Fig.1. 7
Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawing procedure [10] The thin cylinder is used to enable further drawing of the whole bundle, because the drawing of a single wire would lead to wire breakage. As the cylinder material is chemically less stable than the wires, is can be removed by dissolving the whole system in an acidic bath. Finally, the process results in individual and parallel fibres of adjustable diameter between 4 to 25µm. These can afterwards be spun to multifilament or broken into staple fibres with a length of 50 to 150mm [10, 12]. The company Bekaert Fibre Technologies credits a U.S. patent with the description of the bundle drawing production process of metal fibres. Their product range includes BEKINOX ® VS, a 100% metal fibre in silver form or bulk, and BEKINOX ® VN out of 100% stainless steel that can be applied in antistatic textiles, for signal and power transfer, cut resistant fabrics, heat resistant sewing and thermal conductivity. Therefore, the yarn is suitable to be applied in the sector of protective clothing but also in fashion for the metal look [13]. Besides using the bundle drawing procedure, Bekaert also produces metal fibres by shaving them endlessly off the edge of a rolled metal foil, as shown in Fig.2. Fig. 2 Fibre production using the shaving process [10] With this process it is possible to obtain several fibres per cutting section. Subsequently, the metal fibres are bundled into fibre skeins and spooled onto a roll. 8
Page 1 and 2: Clevertex Development of a strategi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
Page 5 and 6: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 7 and 8: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 9 and 10: Against this background, the presen
Page 11 and 12: A search to the first intelligent t
Page 13: Besides metal fibres and yarns also
Page 17 and 18: However, they cannot provide unifor
Page 19 and 20: The Textile Research Institute of T
Page 21 and 22: Researchers at the Electronics Depa
Page 23 and 24: ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
Page 25 and 26: mp3players and mobile phones. They
Page 27 and 28: The American-based company Logitech
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
Page 31 and 32: However, next to monitoring device
Page 33 and 34: substrate and fabricated at high pr
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
Page 37 and 38: A first step towards wearable elect
Page 39 and 40: The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
Page 41 and 42: textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
Page 61 and 62: problem should be taken care of at
Page 63 and 64: the result of the coupled conductiv
Page 65 and 66:
Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
Page 67 and 68:
exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70:
power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72:
especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74:
construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78:
2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80:
coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82:
effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84:
chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86:
esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88:
The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90:
International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94:
Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98:
on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100:
The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104:
A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106:
generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108:
material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112:
2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114:
2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116:
automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120:
Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122:
fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124:
made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126:
Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128:
Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130:
Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132:
increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133 and 134:
allows the production of several fu
Page 135 and 136:
2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138:
So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140:
2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142:
esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144:
2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146:
Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148:
andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150:
[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152:
[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154:
[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156:
[124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158:
[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160:
[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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