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B. Thermal vibrations Shape memory polymers can also be used to make a moisture permeable membrane. In this case, the polymer membrane reacts by inducing thermal vibrations. Micro-Brownian movements of the amorphous polymeric soft segments occur when the temperature rises above a predetermined activation temperature. Due to these movements, micropores appear in the polymer membrane. Water vapour molecules (with an average diameter of 3.5 Å) and body heat can escape through these pores. Molecular structure below the activation temperature [189] Fig. 103 Molecular structure Fig. 104 Activation scheme [189] Molecular structure above the activation temperature [189] Gels Encapsulated Bi-Gels absorb liquid at differing rates according to temperature which causes them to bend. This offers possibilities for their use as actuators in a variable insulation system. Exploratory work using polyacrylamide and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide did not produce the envisaged robust actuator behaviour. Workers at the company S.Mizushima of Mizushima Silk Industry Ltd. succeeded in developing a shape-memory silk yarn. The silk yarn is chemically treated by dipping in a solution of hydrolyzed 113
fibroin, keratin and collagen, dried, crimped, dipped again in water and thermo-set in the wet state under high pressure at 110°C for ten minutes, yielding shape-memory silk. As the twisted structure is stored in the memory, the silk yarn reversibly recovers its curled shape by steaming after it has been untwisted and uncurled. The silk yarn can be applied in various textile products, like outer garments, tights and knitted yarns [140]. 2.5.2 Applications in the clothing sector 2.5.2.1 Research projects and products Alloys In practice, a shape memory alloy is usually in the shape of a spring. The melting point of this alloy lies around 1340°C, which makes it extremely suitable for protective clothing. The Ni-Ti relation is chosen in such a way that the springs are flat in unheated condition, in other words at room temperature. Due to the low shift modulus, they can easily be opened. Thus, at increasing temperatures the springs will open up. This results into a considerable increase of the shift modulus, which makes it difficult for them to close. The springs only have a one-way function: when cooling down, they will not regain their original shape. When the springs are used in heat-resistant clothing, the garment cannot be used again once it is being exposed to the heat. The pioneering UK Defense Clothing & Textiles Agency (DCTA R&TG) in this field created an intelligent suit suitable for protective clothing for firefighters at the end of the nineties. It consists of two separate layers, in which cotton bands are introduced in order to incorporate the springs. The springs are only fixed at the outside layer, so that they are minimally obstructed when expanding. The springs used are conic and have a 25mm diameter. Air is a good insulator. Under the influence of the transformed springs, both textile layers will move away from each other as a result of which an insulating air layer is formed between them. A doll wearing the garment is exposed for 8seconds to a propane burner, emitting an 80kW/m² flux of warmth. Because of the heat, the springs open up and create an insulating air layer between both textile layers. The results of this test set-up were very satisfactory. For comparison, at the backside of the doll, where no springs were attached, burns in the second and the third degree were found. The inner layer used: a Proban ® - cotton woven 114
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Clevertex Development of a strategi
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Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Against this background, the presen
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A search to the first intelligent t
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Besides metal fibres and yarns also
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Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
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However, they cannot provide unifor
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The Textile Research Institute of T
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Researchers at the Electronics Depa
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ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
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mp3players and mobile phones. They
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The American-based company Logitech
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2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
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However, next to monitoring device
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substrate and fabricated at high pr
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Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
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A first step towards wearable elect
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The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
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textile keypad has been developed b
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Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
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purchase to be recorded at the leve
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This project juxtaposes electricity
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Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
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y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
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Philips published a patent on defor
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Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
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• the inner layer is made of Cool
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Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
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problem should be taken care of at
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the result of the coupled conductiv
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Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
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exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70: power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72: especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74: construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78: 2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80: coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82: effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84: chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86: esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88: The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90: International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92: Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94: Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98: on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100: The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104: A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106: generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108: material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112: 2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116: automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118: Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119: Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 123 and 124: made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126: Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128: Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132: increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133 and 134: allows the production of several fu
Page 135 and 136: 2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138: So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140: 2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142: esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144: 2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146: Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148: andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150: [18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152: [54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154: [88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156: [124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158: [161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160: [197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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