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Next to metal fibres or wires, also carbon fibres can be incorporated into conventional fibres. Another method additionally is to produce hollow Nylon or polyester fibres and fill them with carbon. As an example the No-Shock TM fibre by the company Monsanto can be pointed out. It is a nylon fibre having an integrated carbon-filled stripe comprising 2% of the polymer. Further, the company offers staple fibres, available in finenesses of 6 or 12 den, which can be cut depending on the specification [16]. As mentioned before, there are also intrinsically conductive polymeric fibres existing. A research group at the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, in Australia succeeded in synthesise organic conducting fibres. Via wet spinning they produced fibres out of Polyaniline and carbon nanotube dispersion. Fig. 4 PANi-CNT fibre viewed with scanning electron microscope [17] Due to their high conductivity, the fibres can be possibly used as light weight wearable batteries or as artificial muscles in a rehabilitation glove. Specially treated conductive fibres Electrically conductive fibres can also be produced by coating the fibres with metals, galvanic substances or metallic salts. The advantage of coatings is that they are suitable for many fibre types and they produce good conductivity without significantly altering existing substrate properties such as density, flexibility and handle. Coatings can be applied to the surface of fibres, yarns, or even fabrics to create electrically conductive textiles. Nevertheless adhesion between the metal and the fibre as well corrosion resistance can lead to problems. Common textile coating processes include electroless plating, evaporative deposition, sputtering, and coating the textile with a conductive polymer. 11
The Textile Research Institute of Thuringia-Vogtland (TITV) succeeded in producing conductive threads by coating a conventional yarn with metal layers, called ELITEX ® . They used Shieldex Nylon 66 threads that are coated with a thin silver layer as base material. With a specific conductivity of about 1.2 10 3 Scm -1 , the threads have a specific resistance of about 8.34 Ohm mm 2 per metre. Hence, the resistivity is too low to conduct current. Therefore, researchers at the institute modified these fibres with a galvanic and electrochemical aftertreatment. They additionally coated the fibres with gold, platinum, copper and silver. With these modified and fortified metal layers it is possible to use the threads as material for conductors, sensors and actuators [18, 19]. The Swiss company Swicofil AG Textile Services is specialised in producing and commercialising aluminium metallised Nylon, polyester, acetate or cotton yarns, or a combination of those. In a first step of the coating process aluminium metallised polyester film is lacquered with protective epoxy resin to keep a shiny looking metallised surface. In order to achieve different colours, appropriated quantities of metal complex dyestuffs are mixed with the resin. Subsequently, the protective lacquered film is cut into small “pancakes”. A “pancake” role is slit into various sizes while a film passes through a cutting head and is wound on a spool. In a final step, this metallic yarn is twisted, covered or supported with conventional yarn [20]. DuPont also produces metal coated fibres, commercialised under the tradename ARACON ® . ARACON ® fibres are based on the same technology that created DuPont KEVLAR ® , a high-strength para-aramid fibre. With the addition of nickel, copper and silver coatings of varying thicknesses, these fibres provide a versatile combination of physical and electrical properties for a variety of applications. The fibres are one of the conductive fibres used in the SmartShirt (see chapter 2.1.4.3). Lately, DuPont has sold its ARACON ® technology to Micro-Croax Corp.. The company Syscom Technology, Inc., introduced a high-strength and high-modulus Zylon fibre coated with a metal under the brandname AmberStrand to the market [21]. 12
Page 1 and 2: Clevertex Development of a strategi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
Page 5 and 6: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 7 and 8: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 9 and 10: Against this background, the presen
Page 11 and 12: A search to the first intelligent t
Page 13 and 14: Besides metal fibres and yarns also
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
Page 17: However, they cannot provide unifor
Page 21 and 22: Researchers at the Electronics Depa
Page 23 and 24: ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
Page 25 and 26: mp3players and mobile phones. They
Page 27 and 28: The American-based company Logitech
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
Page 31 and 32: However, next to monitoring device
Page 33 and 34: substrate and fabricated at high pr
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
Page 37 and 38: A first step towards wearable elect
Page 39 and 40: The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
Page 41 and 42: textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
Page 61 and 62: problem should be taken care of at
Page 63 and 64: the result of the coupled conductiv
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
Page 67 and 68: exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70:
power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72:
especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74:
construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78:
2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80:
coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82:
effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84:
chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86:
esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88:
The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90:
International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94:
Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98:
on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100:
The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104:
A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106:
generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108:
material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112:
2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114:
2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116:
automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120:
Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122:
fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124:
made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126:
Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128:
Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130:
Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132:
increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133 and 134:
allows the production of several fu
Page 135 and 136:
2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138:
So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140:
2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142:
esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144:
2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146:
Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148:
andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150:
[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152:
[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154:
[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156:
[124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158:
[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160:
[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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