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Fig. 7 Conductive ribbon sample that can be integrated into a jacket [27] The British company Baltex uses the knitting technology to incorporate metal wires in textile structures. Their fabrics, which they market under the name Feratec ® , can be used mainly for two purposes, namely heatable textiles and electro-magnetic shielding materials [28]. However, textile fabrics cannot only be made electrically conductive by incorporating electroconductive fibres, but also by treating the surface of a fabric, for instance by apply a conductive layer, by carbonising the surface or by polymerising a polyester fabric with pyrrole [12]. The Spanish company Carbongen offers activated carbon fabrics. Their starting material is a viscose fabric which they carbonise and activate by a heat treatment under oxidative atmosphere [29]. The American company Thremshield LLC produces metallised woven nylon fabrics in different shapes and profiles. The metals they use are silver, copper or a combination of copper and nickel [30]. Gorix Limited of Southport, UK, uses the carbonising process to develop electrically conductive textiles that provide constant heat at low voltages. The carbonising process involves processing the textile in a carbonization furnace at 1000°C to create an electrically conductive textile. The resulting carbon textile is encapsulated by a reflector and moisture wicking layer, for durability and user comfort. The textile is then connected to a power source (power pack or battery). As low voltage current is passed through, the fabric is warmed according to changes in resistivity with temperature allowing the simple circuitry to be used to control the temperature within 0.5 o C. Gorix is a nonflammable textile that will not melt or react with water. Presently, the company is developing outlets for its Gorix fabrics in Europe and the United States [31]. At the University of Pisa, polypyrrole treated fabrics are used for monitoring body kinematics and analysing posture and gesture [32]. In this application sensors are realised starting from conventional textile fibres or fabrics coated with a very thin layer of a conducting polymer. Because of its elasticity, 15
ergonomic comfort, and high piëzoresistive coefficients, a combination of polypyrrole (PPy) as conducting polymer and Lycra® as fabric, are used. Further, a research group at the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute at the University of Wollongong, Australia, uses intrinsically conductive polymers to coat textile structures. With the use of conventional textile dyeing equipment they coat textiles with PMAS (Poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid)), a water-soluble and commercially available polymer. However, the moderate resistivity restricts the range of possible applications [33]. Another possibility to achieve in a conductive fabric is to attach a conductive structure to a ground structure by using the embroidery technique. In 2000, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Laboratory proposed a way of stitching patterns that can define circuit traces, component connection pads, or sensing surfaces designed with traditional CAD tools for circuit layout and rendered on numerically controlled embroidery machines using conducting and insulating threads, named e-broidery. That allows precisely specifying the circuit layout and stitching pattern in a computer-aided design (CAD) environment, from which any number of articles can be sewn under machine control. This process also allows control and integration of yarns with different electrical properties, for instance, different resistances. Embroidery offers advantages over knitting or weaving. Conductive thread and yarn embroidery can be accomplished on single or multiple layers of fabric or can be applied on various types of textile and apparel products in one step. An example for an embroidered fabric keypad used for a Musical jacket is given in chapter 2.1.4.1 [11, 34]. Other existing techniques to embed electric circuitry in a fabric include soldering surface-mount components directly onto metallic organza, bonding components to a substrate using conductive adhesives, stapling components into a conductive stitched circuit (i.e., pressure-forming their leads to grip circuit pads), joining a component's “threadframe” directly to a stitched fabric circuit (where components are formed with a single conductive thread) [34]. Interactive electronic textiles can also be produced by using conductive inks. Conductive inks are produced by adding metals such as copper, nickel and gold to traditional printing inks. These specialised inks can be printed onto various materials, among them textiles, to creative electrically active patterns. The conductive ink technology was originally developed for the production of smart cards or printed circuit boards, used for example for computer applications, communication, automotive and industrial electronics. Generally, a distinction can be made between rigid and flexible printed circuit boards. We will only consider the latter case in this report. The demand for flexible circuit technology is increasing as electronic and telecommunication devices are becoming more and 16
Page 1 and 2: Clevertex Development of a strategi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
Page 5 and 6: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 7 and 8: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 9 and 10: Against this background, the presen
Page 11 and 12: A search to the first intelligent t
Page 13 and 14: Besides metal fibres and yarns also
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
Page 17 and 18: However, they cannot provide unifor
Page 19 and 20: The Textile Research Institute of T
Page 21: Researchers at the Electronics Depa
Page 25 and 26: mp3players and mobile phones. They
Page 27 and 28: The American-based company Logitech
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
Page 31 and 32: However, next to monitoring device
Page 33 and 34: substrate and fabricated at high pr
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
Page 37 and 38: A first step towards wearable elect
Page 39 and 40: The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
Page 41 and 42: textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
Page 61 and 62: problem should be taken care of at
Page 63 and 64: the result of the coupled conductiv
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
Page 67 and 68: exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70: power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72: especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74:
construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78:
2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80:
coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82:
effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84:
chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86:
esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88:
The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90:
International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92:
Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94:
Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98:
on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100:
The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104:
A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106:
generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108:
material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112:
2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114:
2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116:
automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120:
Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122:
fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124:
made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126:
Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128:
Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130:
Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132:
increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133 and 134:
allows the production of several fu
Page 135 and 136:
2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138:
So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140:
2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142:
esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144:
2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146:
Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148:
andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150:
[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152:
[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154:
[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156:
[124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158:
[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160:
[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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