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separation capacity, ion-exchange fibres present more attractiveness for use than other ion-exchange materials. Ion-exchange fibres have either a positive or a negative electric charge, which is compensated by mobile counter-ions of opposite charge. The principle of ion-exchange is based on electroneutral condition. Ion-exchange generally is a diffusion process, sensible to concentration gradients. Many drugs are charged at physiological pH, therefore they can act as mobile counter-ion, and this allows them to be used as drug delivery systems. An example of an already commercialised ion-exchange fibre suitable for drug delivery is given by Smopex ® fibres from SmopTech Co. in Turku/Finland. Another possibility to obtain ion-exchange fibres is to graft ion-exchange groups to cotton, flax, cellulose, wool, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide and carbon fibres. In- and exvivo ion-exchange drug delivery systems have been developed. In-vivo the drugs can be released by ions present in body fluids, whereas in ex-vivo applications the concentration of ions needed for the exchange is determined by excretion through the skin. A research team in Finland at the Helsinki University of Technology is working on ion-exchange fibres in transdermal iontophoresis. The aim of the study is to develop a controlled drug delivery vehicle for trans-dermal iontophoresis using fibrous ion-exchangers as a drug reservoir. For this purpose, positively charged model drugs; tacrine, metoprolol (figure below), nadolol and propranalol are loaded into the ion-exchange groups of the fibre and then released using a salt solution, containing counter-ion to the drug, and weak current, iontophoresis [197]. N NH2 Tacrine Metoprolol Fig. 112 ........Chemical structures of Tacrine and Metoprolol Researchers from the University of Belgrade developed cation-exchange fibres based on PAN with the carboxylic group as functional group. Further, the Thüringisches Institut für Textil- und Kunststoff-Forschung e.V. (TITK) is researching on ion-exchange fibres on cellulosic basis. They developed a special process, the ALCERU ® technology, to dissolve cellulose directly without any chemical modification for producing textile fibres in a subsequent spinning process. The possible homogeneous integration of organic or inorganic additives NH OH O O 125
allows the production of several functional cellulose-materials, among them an ion-exchange fibre. With the same process, they succeeded to develop a PCM fibre (see chapter 2.4.5.1) [198]. Hollow fibres, microencapsulated fibres, microparticles and nanofibres A group at the University of Tehran Medical Sciences investigates hollow fibres drug delivery systems in which the fibre wall is a permeable membrane. The fibre itself is filled with a liquid drug or a drug solution. Therefore there is still a distinct separation in fibres and drugs. Another method to incorporate drugs into fibres is to suspend or dissolve a drug into a polymer solution used to produce fibres. A research group in Baltimore, U.S., works on producing drug-loaded Chitosan-alginate fibres from interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation. The drug, namely dexamethasone, can be trapped into the fibres as the two polyelectrolytes formed a complex at the solution interface and were mechanically drawn into a fibre. These fibres are supposed to have high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release of charged molecules. In this case the driving force for drug release is diffusion [199]. Another technology to produce textile structures containing drugs is electrospinning, which is very promising. In general, the smaller the dimensions of the drug and the coating material required to encapsulate the drug, the better the drug to be absorbed by the human body. Drug delivery with polymer nanofibres is based on the principle the dissolution rate of a particular drug increases with increasing surface area of both the drug and its carrier. A joint research group of different departments of the Commonwealth University in Richmond, U.S., produced electrospun fibre mats out of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA) and from a 50:50 blend of the two, containing an antibiotic. They found out that electrospun PEVA and blended mats gave a smooth drug release over five days [200]. Electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) fibre mats are further examined by a research group at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. They try to improve the drug release by reducing the diameter of the fibre with the help of anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants. They further studied the encapsulation of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs inside the fibre mats and their release kinetics [201, 202]. Another team researches on heparin incorporated into electrospun PCL fibre mats for controlled drug release for vascular injuries. Lonwave (hollow, PES+ceramic micro-particles) from KURARAY is an infrared radiating fibre. 2.6.4.2 Patents published 126
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Clevertex Development of a strategi
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Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Against this background, the presen
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A search to the first intelligent t
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Besides metal fibres and yarns also
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Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
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However, they cannot provide unifor
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The Textile Research Institute of T
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Researchers at the Electronics Depa
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ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
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mp3players and mobile phones. They
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The American-based company Logitech
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2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
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However, next to monitoring device
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substrate and fabricated at high pr
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Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
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A first step towards wearable elect
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The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
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textile keypad has been developed b
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Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
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purchase to be recorded at the leve
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This project juxtaposes electricity
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Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
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y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
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Philips published a patent on defor
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Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
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• the inner layer is made of Cool
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Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
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problem should be taken care of at
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the result of the coupled conductiv
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Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
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exercises. The data base analyses t
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power and ground planes, the circui
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especially in carpets. In this case
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construction, an extra wire is need
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Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
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2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
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coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82: effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84: chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86: esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88: The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90: International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92: Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94: Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98: on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100: The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104: A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106: generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108: material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112: 2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116: automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118: Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120: Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122: fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124: made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126: Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128: Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131: increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 135 and 136: 2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
Page 137 and 138: So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140: 2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142: esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144: 2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146: Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148: andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150: [18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152: [54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154: [88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156: [124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158: [161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160: [197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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