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more compact and lightweight. Next to bending capabilities of 360°, flexible circuitry offers reduced circuit sizes. Further, the use of conductive inks for flexible printed circuits has increased in popularity because they have a substantial price advantage over other plating methods. The National Textile Center of the North Carolina State University is currently working on a project dealing with ‘Printing Electric Circuits on Non-Woven Fabrics’ used to produce a prototype for a physiological monitoring garment that measures ECG, heart-rate, respiration and temperature. In the scope of the project they work together with conductive ink manufacturers. For their experimental investigations and to succeed in producing samples of antennas having been printed on non-woven textile structures, they use Evolon ® by Freudenberg KG, Tyvek ® by DuPont, FiberWeb Resolution Print Media by BBA FiberWeb, as well as conductive inks donated by Precisia LLC and Creative Materials Inc.[35]. 2.1.3 Enabling technologies The different technologies discussed previously are used to produce textile materials with the ability to conduct electricity. Components including input and output devices, sensors, data processing devices, data storage devices and power supplies provide necessary technologies for interaction, hence creating an electronic textile. Input devices including keyboards and switches are two examples beings explored for interactive electronic textile data entry. The output devices being explored for displaying data include Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT’s) and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s), but also mirror displays and flexible light emitting displays. An overview of textile displays and research work being done in this field is discussed in chapter 2.3 [36]. 2.1.3.1 Conductive materials as sensors Sensors add features and functionality to electronic textiles. Conductive textiles that change their electrical properties as a result of environmental impact can be used as sensors. Typical examples are textiles that react to deformation such as pressure sensors, stretch sensors and breathing sensors. 2.1.3.1.1 Pressure sensors Pressure sensors are commonly used either to monitor vital signs of the user, such as heart rate, blood pressure or the user’s motion, or also to use them as switches and interfaces to control 17
mp3players and mobile phones. They have been developed and are marketed for instance by Canesis Ltd., Eleksen Limited, Logitech Inc., Pressure Profile Systems Inc. and Intelligent Textiles Ltd.. The New Zealand-based textile research and development organisation WRONZ and an electronic materials company Peratech Ltd of Darlington, County Durham, UK have jointly developed Softswitch technology [37]. Peratech has produced a range of elastoresistive polymers with a unique and diverse set of electronic properties. The material is described as a “variable resistive” quantum tunnelling composite, providing proportional control of an electronic device in addition to simple on/off switching. This means that with a touch of a finger the material can change from an insulator to a metallic-like conductor. The resistance can be reduced from hundreds of millions of ohms to less than one ohm under finger pressure. In 2004, Canesis Ltd. has taken control of the Softswitch technology. Fig. 8 Pressure response of Softswitch fabrics [37] The Softswitch technology has a lot of possible applications, such as pressure sensing, switching and interfacing. SOFTswitch enables the portability and softening of traditionally large hard plastic devices. In use, they retain the benefits of textiles as they are washable, handleable, durable and mouldable to 3D forms. At the same time, they also provide the functionality of electronic controls – such as enabling a snowboarder to control an iPod from her sleeve or a doctor to identify when and where a bed-ridden patient is in danger of developing a pressure sore [37]. For example Burton used the SOFTswitch technology to commercialise a jacket with an integrated Sony mini disc player in the sleeve. The mini disc player is sewn inside the pocket of the jacket; no wires are needed, instead it is the material that delivers the signal needed to change the track or regulate the volume. More example and application fields of the SOFTswitch fabrics are discussed in the following chapters. 18
Page 1 and 2: Clevertex Development of a strategi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
Page 5 and 6: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 7 and 8: Index to universities, institutes,
Page 9 and 10: Against this background, the presen
Page 11 and 12: A search to the first intelligent t
Page 13 and 14: Besides metal fibres and yarns also
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
Page 17 and 18: However, they cannot provide unifor
Page 19 and 20: The Textile Research Institute of T
Page 21 and 22: Researchers at the Electronics Depa
Page 23: ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
Page 27 and 28: The American-based company Logitech
Page 29 and 30: 2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
Page 31 and 32: However, next to monitoring device
Page 33 and 34: substrate and fabricated at high pr
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
Page 37 and 38: A first step towards wearable elect
Page 39 and 40: The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
Page 41 and 42: textile keypad has been developed b
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
Page 45 and 46: purchase to be recorded at the leve
Page 47 and 48: This project juxtaposes electricity
Page 49 and 50: Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
Page 51 and 52: y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
Page 53 and 54: Philips published a patent on defor
Page 55 and 56: Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
Page 57 and 58: • the inner layer is made of Cool
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
Page 61 and 62: problem should be taken care of at
Page 63 and 64: the result of the coupled conductiv
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
Page 67 and 68: exercises. The data base analyses t
Page 69 and 70: power and ground planes, the circui
Page 71 and 72: especially in carpets. In this case
Page 73 and 74: construction, an extra wire is need
Page 75 and 76:
Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
Page 77 and 78:
2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
Page 79 and 80:
coated Copper wires. Further, they
Page 81 and 82:
effects such as violet becoming red
Page 83 and 84:
chiral nematic phase is its ability
Page 85 and 86:
esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88:
The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90:
International Fashion Machines prod
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Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94:
Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98:
on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100:
The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
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A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106:
generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108:
material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112:
2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114:
2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116:
automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118:
Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120:
Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122:
fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
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made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126:
Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
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Polymers Study is now on the way to
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Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
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increasing quantities of the aqueou
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allows the production of several fu
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2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications
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So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140:
2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
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esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144:
2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
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Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148:
andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150:
[18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152:
[54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154:
[88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156:
[124] We make money not art: The Em
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[161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160:
[197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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