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2.7 Piezoelectric materials 2.7.1 Description The word ‘piezo’ is derived from the Greek word for pressure. In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered that pressure, applied to a quartz crystal, creates an electrical charge in the crystal; they called this phenomenon the piezo effect. Later they also verified that an electrical field applied to the crystal would lead to a deformation of the material. This effect is referred to as the inverse piezo effect. Piezoelectric materials can be used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. After the discovery it took several decades to utilize the piezoelectric phenomenon. The first commercial applications were ultrasonic submarine detectors developed during World War I and in the 1940’s scientists discovered that barium titanate ceramics could be made piezoelectric in an electric field. Pressure sensors to provide information on pressure field distribution and thus enabling to monitor seating or standing positions of the wearer over time can be based on piezoelectric and piezoresistive substrates, but they are difficult to integrate into elastic fabrics because mechanical stresses, like impact and compression, can seriously damage the sensors. Works and projects on pressure sensors are already reported on the chapter conductive materials. However, we would like to mention the fabric strain sensor developed at the University of Pisa at this point to explain the sensing function. The sensing function of the textile material is realised in two different ways: 1. yarn coated with polypyrrole 2. yarn coated with carbon loaded rubber Polypyrrole is a π-electron conjugated conducting polymer that combines good properties of elasticity with mechanical and thermal transduction. Lycra fabric is PPy-coated using a slightly modified method developed by Milliken Research Corporation. In this way a fabric sensor is developed (US patent 4,803,096). The sensors based on carbon filled rubber (CFR) are realized either by directly printing the carbon/rubber mixture onto fabrics or by weaving CFR coated fibres. Due to the piëzoresistive properties of the used materials, there is a relationship between an imposed strain and the resistance of the material. In this way a wearable sensing system is developed to measure biomechanical signals such as respiration, heartbeat and body movement. Researcher in the US developed an in-shoe multisensory data acquisition system that monitors temperature, pressure and humidity [203]. 127
2.7.2 Technology 2.7.3 Applications in the clothing sector 2.7.3.1 Research projects and products The British Company QinetiQ has inserted a small ceramic piezoelectric device in the heel of a shoe. The pressure and flexing of the foot during walking is converted into a small amount of electricity [204]. 2.7.3.2 Patents published 2.7.4 Applications in the interior textile sector 2.7.4.1 Research projects and products 2.7.4.2 Patents published 2.7.5 Applications in the technical textile sector 2.7.5.1 Research projects and products Developments are taken place in the use of auxetic fabrics or yarns as carriers for drugs or other agents that would be released under pressure (e.g.swelling) of the wound. 2.7.5.2 Patents published 2.8 Others 2.8.1 Applications in the clothing sector 2.8.1.1 Research projects and products Climate control The vAIRis membrane jacket, a joint project of the companies Sympatex Technologies and Ploucquet, and the Eidgenoessische Material- und Pruefgesellschaft (EMPA; Confederate Materials and Testing Association), is equipped with integrated variable heat insulation. The beating heart of this membrane jacket is a micropump, which is responsible for filling three down-filled chambers with air or emptying 128
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Clevertex Development of a strategi
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Table of Content 2.3.1 Description
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Index to universities, institutes,
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Against this background, the presen
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A search to the first intelligent t
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Besides metal fibres and yarns also
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Fig. 1 Diagram of the bundle drawin
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However, they cannot provide unifor
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The Textile Research Institute of T
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Researchers at the Electronics Depa
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ergonomic comfort, and high piëzor
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mp3players and mobile phones. They
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The American-based company Logitech
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2.1.3.1.2 Stretch sensors Stretch s
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However, next to monitoring device
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substrate and fabricated at high pr
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Fig. 17 Structure of a Personal hea
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A first step towards wearable elect
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The Finnish company Clothing+ relea
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textile keypad has been developed b
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Fig. 28 Snowboard glove with integr
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purchase to be recorded at the leve
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This project juxtaposes electricity
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Additionally, XS Labs, a design res
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y pressing the ”+” and ”-”
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Philips published a patent on defor
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Heating and cooling jacket Fig. 43
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• the inner layer is made of Cool
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Fig. 47 SmartShirt Texile Platform
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problem should be taken care of at
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the result of the coupled conductiv
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Fig. 54 The smart second skin [120]
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exercises. The data base analyses t
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power and ground planes, the circui
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especially in carpets. In this case
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construction, an extra wire is need
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Fig. 67 FiberThermics® by Thermoso
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2.1.5.4 Patents published 2.1.6 App
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coated Copper wires. Further, they
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effects such as violet becoming red
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Page 85 and 86: esume their original chemical struc
Page 87 and 88: The American company Color Change C
Page 89 and 90: International Fashion Machines prod
Page 91 and 92: Fig. 81 Fashion Victim [147] They p
Page 93 and 94: Telecommunication Optical fibres ar
Page 95 and 96: Fig. 82 Crystal Fibre [148] More co
Page 97 and 98: on a Jacquard loom before being pro
Page 99 and 100: The company VISSON in co-operation
Page 101 and 102: Fig. 88 Reima Robotec overall [161]
Page 103 and 104: A mixture of four components (a liq
Page 105 and 106: generated by a light source and is
Page 107 and 108: material which scatters or diffuses
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 95 PCM microcapsules coated on
Page 111 and 112: 2.4.3.1 Research projects and produ
Page 113 and 114: 2.4.3.2 Patents published The Secre
Page 115 and 116: automatic healing response. The mat
Page 117 and 118: Fig. 101 Ms beginning martensite -
Page 119 and 120: Shape memory polymers possess some
Page 121 and 122: fibroin, keratin and collagen, drie
Page 123 and 124: made out of this fabric. The sleeve
Page 125 and 126: Toray Industries and Marmot Mountai
Page 127 and 128: Polymers Study is now on the way to
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 110 Flap opening in the textil
Page 131 and 132: increasing quantities of the aqueou
Page 133: allows the production of several fu
Page 137 and 138: So far, a dress, messenger bags and
Page 139 and 140: 2.8.1.2 Patents published 2.8.2 App
Page 141 and 142: esearch objectives and five cross-c
Page 143 and 144: 2.9.2.2 My Heart The MyHeart projec
Page 145 and 146: Commission. 31 partners from 10 Eur
Page 147 and 148: andage. Therefore, active (controll
Page 149 and 150: [18] Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Mo
Page 151 and 152: [54] Starner, T., “Human-powered
Page 153 and 154: [88] Galbraith, M., “elroy”, ht
Page 155 and 156: [124] We make money not art: The Em
Page 157 and 158: [161] Clothing +, “Reima Robotec
Page 159 and 160: [197] Kontturi, K., Vuorio, M., “
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