Copyright by Gregory Krauss 2007 - The University of Texas at Austin

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inauguration as president of South Korea to recognize Lister’s help in bringing democracy to that country. 16 When Lister died in 2004, Bill Richardson told The Washington Post: “His contributions are going to have a lasting effect, but there is no George Lister now. There are probably a lot of people who have human rights in their titles, but the conscience of human rights is gone.” 17 The Mid-Level Bureaucrat in U.S. Foreign Policymaking Most studies of the U.S. foreign policymaking process emphasize the role of top decision-makers. Walter Issacson’s The Wise Men, for example, details how six high-level foreign policy officials, all friends, worked together to shape U.S. foreign policy in the post-war era: W. Averill Harriman, Robert Lovett, Dean Acheson, John McCloy, George Kennan, and Charles Bohlen. 18 In The Faces of Power, a well- regarded text on 20 th century U.S. foreign policy, Seyom Brown likewise chronicles the decision-making processes of top officials, namely the President and various agency heads. Brown writes that his “overriding purpose has been to gain insight into the worldviews prevailing at the highest levels of the United States government…” (emphasis added). 19 Brown, however, portrays a competitive process in which top officials compete to win the President’s favor. 20 Like Brown’s Faces of Power, Morton Halperin’s Bureaucratic Politics and U.S. Foreign Policy describes a foreign policymaking process in which top officials compete for influence. Halperin, though, portrays the process less as a competition 3
etween personalities and more as a competition amongst the foreign policymaking bureaucracies: the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and other agencies. 21 The same sort of competition for influence occurs within agencies, according to Halperin. 22 Thus, in both the Brown and Halperin models, the foreign policymaking apparatus is crowded with advisors; the opportunity for top-level officials to wield decisive influence is limited—and correspondingly more so for mid-level officials. A mid-level bureaucrat in Lister’s time wishing to make a mark on foreign policy might have had other difficulties, according to many depictions of U.S. foreign policymaking. Schlesinger notes in A Thousand Days, his chronicle of the Kennedy years, that the Foreign Service had grown rapidly from 1700 members in 1930 to over 9000 members in the 1960s. 23 During that time, the State Department moved from a smaller building near the White House to its current home at Foggy Bottom. 24 With a larger State Department came increased bureaucratization and hierarchy. Schlesinger writes that a system of concurrences was created “which required every proposal to run a hopelessly intricate obstacle course before it could become policy.” 25 Aside from the limited opportunities for influencing major foreign policy decisions, Halperin notes a set of incentives which limit the chances that individuals within bureaucracies will actually want to take initiative or chances. According to Halperin, because a bureaucratic organization’s influence is itself limited, such organizations tend to favor policies that have the effect of expanding organizational 4
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Gregory Krauss 2007
Page 3 and 4: Impacting Foreign Policy as a Mid-L
Page 5 and 6: Impacting Foreign Policy as a Mid-L
Page 7 and 8: Chile..............................
Page 9: contributions to U.S. foreign polic
Page 13 and 14: duties but not jeopardize his caree
Page 15 and 16: 21 Morton H. Halperin and Patricia
Page 17 and 18: younger sister. As Lister’s long-
Page 19 and 20: as an ideological battle that the U
Page 21 and 22: February 1955, Lister received a le
Page 23 and 24: wanted to bring the entire Socialis
Page 25 and 26: Schlesinger soon began working toge
Page 27 and 28: espects Saragat more than vice-vers
Page 29 and 30: Socialist Party that this office ha
Page 31 and 32: First, his contacts with Italian So
Page 33 and 34: eceptive to the Italian Socialists
Page 35 and 36: 64 George Lister, “Political Less
Page 37 and 38: As he frequently did though, Lister
Page 39 and 40: Impact in the Bureau of Inter-Ameri
Page 41 and 42: leaders,” Lister wrote in 1971. 1
Page 43 and 44: Latin Americans to watch out for [t
Page 45 and 46: Lister’s facility with explaining
Page 47 and 48: away from the Communists, much as h
Page 49 and 50: Domingo as part of an inter-departm
Page 51 and 52: the crisis was “interesting and i
Page 53 and 54: War effort. Besides his propaganda
Page 55 and 56: Affairs to ask that the U.S. press
Page 57 and 58: win the ideological battle against
Page 59 and 60: 31 Ibid. 32 Memo, George Lister to
Page 61 and 62:
104 Ibid. 105 Ibid. 106 Ibid. 107 C
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ights suddenly became a major U.S.
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international human rights experts
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Rights, Carter reiterated that U.S.
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Reagan’s human rights policy was,
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When, as a result of the hearings,
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Human rights were rhetorically usef
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substantial,” Shlaudeman said.
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a reporter as “Mr. Human Rights.
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encourage improvement. As if to und
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Lister won plaudits from Patricia D
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ut the hearings were the starting p
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moment. The bureau had already been
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democratic opposition leaders. List
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greater attention to human rights v
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occurred. Lister’s own toughness
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ability to update the State Departm
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a wide open society, essentially de
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wing regimes, you had to be against
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convinced that clear, reliable info
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he had reduced mistrust, Lister hel
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49 Telephone interview by Gregory K
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117 Ibid., p. 13. 118 Report, Georg
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Chapter 5. Human Rights Case Studie
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The Carter administration had campa
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the Sandinista government became in
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the Sandinistas, but he did not cha
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of the 1980s. Lister’s relationsh
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opinion of the text. Lister suggest
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Lister wrote to Assistant Secretary
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that the USG is pro-Pinochet, you a
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concern about Chile, the Reagan adm
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violations by the Pinochet governme
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luncheons with the Chilean Congress
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how Lister managed to have such a l
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62 Letter, Kim Dae Jung to George L
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129 Library of Congress, Authoritar
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movement—in particular, by insist
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Lister’s other political base was
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State Department as well as human r
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open a political conversation with
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Archival Documents Bibliography Abr
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Lister, George. Memo to Mr. William
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Lister, George. Memo to ARA Office
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Lister, George. Memo to Elliott Abr
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U.S. State Department. Career Histo
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Library of Congress, Chile: The Con
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Shlaudeman, Harry. Former Assistant
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Memorial Service for George Lister.
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