RF MODULE

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on the blood perfusion rate. The perfusion rate varies significantly in different parts of the human body, and the table below presents the values used here. PART PERFUSION RATE Brain 2·10 -3 (ml/s)/ml Bone 3·10 -4 (ml/s)/ml Skin 3·10 -4 (ml/s)/ml The same interpolation function used for the electric parameters also models the difference in perfusion rate between the brain tissue inside the head and the outer parts of skin and bone. Note again that the use of the interpolation function does not have any physical relevance, it is just to show a realistic effect of a varying material parameter. Results and Discussion The model studies the local SAR value in the head using the formula described earlier for the frequency 835 MHz. The SAR value is highest close to the surface of the head facing the incident wave. The differences in electrical properties become visible if you plot the local SAR value on a log scale. Figure 3-25: Log-scale slice plot of the local SAR value. 144 | CHAPTER 3: RF AND MICROWAVE MODELS
The bioheat equation produces a similar plot for the heating of the head, which is highest closest to the antenna. The maximum temperature increase (from 37 °C) is less than 0.2 °C, and drops rapidly inside the head. Figure 3-26: The local increase in temperature at the surface has a maximum of 0.2 °C right beneath the antenna. References 1. G. Schmid, G. Neubauer, P.R. Mazal, and F. Alesch, Dielectric properties of brain tissue: measurements on humans, http://www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=531. 2. M. Levoy, MRI data originally from Univ. of North Carolina (downloaded from the Stanford volume data archive at http://graphics.stanford.edu/data/voldata/). Model Library path: RF_Module/RF_and_Microwave_Engineering/ sar_in_human_head ABSORBED RADIATION (SAR) IN THE HUMAN BRAIN | 145
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COMSOL Multiphysics RF MODULE V ERS
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CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Mo
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Results and Discussion. . . . . . .
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Chapter 4: Optics and Photonics Mod
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1 Introduction The RF Module Model
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highlights. The categories here inc
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TABLE 1-1: RF MODULE MODEL LIBRARY
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2 Tutorial Models This chapter cont
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Results and Discussion Figure 2-1 s
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4 Draw a square with corners at (
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COMPUTING THE SOLUTION Click the So
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Results and Discussion The dipole a
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Variables 1 Choose
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5 Click OK to close the dialog box
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Tutor
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4 From the Solve menu, open the Sol
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them from the eigenvalues. The appl
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5 On the Port page, set the values
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5 On the Port page, enter 36.4 in t
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Waveguide Optimization Introduction
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Results and Discussion Figure 2-3 s
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Modeling Using the Graphical User I
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3 Select Boundary 7 and set the Con
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Fo
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The solution takes a few minutes to
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Night side Earth surface Ionosphere
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Results and Discussion The model pr
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4 Select both spheres and click the
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RF and Microwave Models In this cha
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measure of the transmittance and re
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y 1 cm is at about 7.5 GHz. At the
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By feeding the circulator at a diff
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Importing the Geometry from a Binar
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MESH GENERATION This model uses the
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It is more instructive to look at t
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Note: When displaying S-Parameter v
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Monoconical RF Antenna Introduction
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50 Ω, to obtain maximum transmiss
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Figure 3-7 shows the antenna radiat
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2 Select the RF Module>Electromagne
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13 Zoom in around (0, 0) using the
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4 In the Contour levels area, click
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2 Clear the Keep current plot check
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6 Click the Solve button on the Mai
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Results and Discussion The figure b
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Point Settings Def
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2 In the x-axis area, select the Ex
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Because the impedance is inversely
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4 From the Space dimension list, se
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2 Select Boundaries 1, 2, 4, and 6.
Page 101 and 102: 4 On the Pointwise Constraints page
Page 103 and 104: 12 Click the Solve button on the Ma
Page 105 and 106: Module. The electromagnetic cavity
Page 107 and 108: EIGENFREQUENCY VS. TEMPERATURE By r
Page 109 and 110: GEOMETRY MODELING 1 Go to the Draw
Page 111 and 112: 3 Set dx, dy, and dz to u, v, and w
Page 113 and 114: 20 Select the Solve using solver se
Page 115 and 116: Computing the Solution Using a Para
Page 117 and 118: 8 Click Solve. 9 When the parametri
Page 119 and 120: H-Bend Waveguide with S-parameters
Page 121 and 122: Model Library path: RF_Module/RF_an
Page 123 and 124: 1 From the Postprocessing menu, cho
Page 125 and 126: The rectangular port is excited by
Page 127 and 128: Figure 3-16 shows a single-mode wav
Page 129 and 130: Figure 3-18: The S 21 parameter (in
Page 131 and 132: PHYSICS SETTINGS First set up the b
Page 133 and 134: FREEZING THE BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS
Page 137 and 138: Microwave Cancer Therapy Introducti
Page 139 and 140: The model takes advantage of the pr
Page 141 and 142: DOMAIN AND BOUNDARY EQUATIONS—HEA
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3-23: The computed microwave
Page 145 and 146: solutions for both the electromagne
Page 147 and 148: 4 Select Subdomain 1, then enter th
Page 149 and 150: 1 Click the Plot Parameters button
Page 151: sar_in_human_head_interp.txt. That
Page 155 and 156: 3 Click OK. 4 From the Options menu
Page 157 and 158: 17 In the Work-Plane Settings dialo
Page 159 and 160: SETTINGS SUBDOMAIN 19 epsilonr_brai
Page 161 and 162: 4 Click the Init tab and type 0 in
Page 163 and 164: POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION 1
Page 165 and 166: The walls of the oven and the waveg
Page 167 and 168: Figure 3-29: Temperature in the cen
Page 169 and 170: 3 Click the block symbol again and
Page 171 and 172: 2 At the waveguide end, Boundary 23
Page 173 and 174: 4 Click OK to generate the plot bel
Page 175 and 176: 3 Click OK to generate the plot bel
Page 177 and 178: Because the filter cutoff should be
Page 179 and 180: the force is applied. Figure 3-32 d
Page 181 and 182: 6 Then the ECAD Import Options dial
Page 183 and 184: PHYSICS SETTINGS Subdomain Settings
Page 185 and 186: solver takes more steps than it sto
Page 187 and 188: 3 Select Subdomain 1 and clear the
Page 191 and 192: Balanced Patch Antenna for 6 GHz In
Page 193 and 194: k0 = ω ε0 µ 0 All metallic objec
Page 195 and 196: divided by the input power. In Figu
Page 197 and 198: Reference 1. E. Recht and S. Shiran
Page 199 and 200: 10 Select the objects SQ2, CO1, and
Page 201 and 202: 43 Specify two spheres with the fol
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inputs are feeding the antenna, lik
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the width of the PML is equal to λ
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a toggle button that shifts between
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5 Select Coarse solver from the tre
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maxE = max(EdB); minE = min(EdB); E
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exterior of the PML that shows a ve
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13 Choose Extrude from the Draw men
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2 Click the Settings button. 3 In t
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Sea Bed Logging Introduction The Se
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Figure 3-39: Electric field magnitu
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables 1
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4 Click OK to generate the plot bel
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5 Click the General tab. From the P
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Optics and Photonics Models In this
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Model Definition The model is built
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables S
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION By
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Model Definition The geometry is a
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2 In the list of application modes,
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Because the refractive index of GaA
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5 Click OK twice to see the followi
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Bandgap Analysis of a Photonic Crys
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a 2 a 3 × b1 = 2π----------------
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The five lowest bands for the (1, 1
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Modeling Using the Graphical User I
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Subdomain Settings 1 Open the Subdo
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3 Click the Parametric tab. Select
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3 Click OK to see the following plo
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fem.appl{1}.prop.analysis = 'harmon
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Model Definition The mode analysis
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2 Select the RF Module>Perpendicula
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4 On the Contour page, give Magneti
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includes only two independent param
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OPTIONS AND SETTINGS 1 Open the Con
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The problem becomes well-posed by a
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Th
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7 Click OK. 8 From the Postprocessi
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the computed propagation constants
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3 The default eigenmode is the one
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Compare these ideal values of the p
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Stress-Optical Effects with General
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The PDE solved is Navier’s equati
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and εx ∂u = ∂x εy ∂v = ∂y
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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NAME EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION B2 0.65
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2 In the Subdomain Expressions dial
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4 Initialize the mesh in this geome
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Note: This model includes an extens
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3 Enter 1.46 in the text field Sear
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In these expressions, w 0 is the mi
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After 90 fs the pulse has reached t
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4 Select the RF Module>In-Plane Wav
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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6 Click the Remesh button; when the
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2 On the General page, make sure th
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Propagation of a 3D Gaussian Beam L
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Figure 4-15: After 20 fs the pulse
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7 Click the Delete Interior Boundar
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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5 From the Options menu, select Sup
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INDEX 3D electromagnetic waves mode
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efractive index 222, 254 resistance
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RF MODULE

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