RF MODULE

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Calculating the Schumann Resonance Frequencies Introduction 42 | CHAPTER 2: TUTORIAL MODELS The Schumann resonance frequencies are a set of eigenmodes in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the electromagnetic field spectrum. These frequencies are only present for planetary-like bodies with a substantial ionosphere acting as a perfect electric conductor, thus forming a resonance cavity with the surface. In this example, the Schumann resonance frequencies for the Earth are calculated. Model Definition The Schumann resonance frequencies are extensively studied due to the fact that they provide information about the planet. Intense lightning activity can, for example, be predicted since this is a source for the excitation of electromagnetic waves in the ELF range (3 Hz–30 Hz). The model geometry is depicted in Figure 2-7, where the brown area in the center, representing the Earth interior, is included only for illustration purposes.
Night side Earth surface Ionosphere boundary Day side Figure 2-7: The model geometry is in blue. The brown area representing the Earth is included only for illustration. The cavity thickness is 300 km on the night side and 100 km on the day side. The Earth’s ionosphere is composed of different layers that are rather characterized by local maxima in electron density than distinct layers. The most important layers ordered from the inner are referred to as the D, E, F1, and F2 layers. The height of the different layers depends on ionization, which is due to sun radiation, while at night time some of the layers are reduced or even disappear. On the day side of the Earth, the height of the cavity between the inner layer of the ionosphere and the Earth is approximately 100 km, while on the night side, the height is about 300 km. Most of the radiation that ionizes the upper layers is absorbed so that below the D layer, negligible ionization occurs. The conductivity therefore decreases rapidly toward zero. The conductivity profile in the cavity between the Earth surface and the innermost layer of the ionosphere varies over time with several different parameters. Furthermore the profile is not linear. This model, however, assumes a fixed value at the upper boundary of the cavity that decreases linearly to zero at the Earth’s surface. CALCULATING THE SCHUMANN RESONANCE FREQUENCIES | 43
Page 1 and 2: COMSOL Multiphysics RF MODULE V ERS
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Mo
Page 5 and 6: Results and Discussion. . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 4: Optics and Photonics Mod
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction The RF Module Model
Page 11 and 12: highlights. The categories here inc
Page 13 and 14: TABLE 1-1: RF MODULE MODEL LIBRARY
Page 15 and 16: 2 Tutorial Models This chapter cont
Page 17 and 18: Results and Discussion Figure 2-1 s
Page 19 and 20: 4 Draw a square with corners at (
Page 21 and 22: COMPUTING THE SOLUTION Click the So
Page 23 and 24: Results and Discussion The dipole a
Page 25 and 26: PHYSICS SETTINGS Variables 1 Choose
Page 27 and 28: 5 Click OK to close the dialog box
Page 29 and 30: Model Library path: RF_Module/Tutor
Page 31 and 32: 4 From the Solve menu, open the Sol
Page 33 and 34: them from the eigenvalues. The appl
Page 35 and 36: 5 On the Port page, set the values
Page 37 and 38: 5 On the Port page, enter 36.4 in t
Page 39 and 40: Waveguide Optimization Introduction
Page 41 and 42: Results and Discussion Figure 2-3 s
Page 43 and 44: Modeling Using the Graphical User I
Page 45 and 46: 3 Select Boundary 7 and set the Con
Page 47 and 48: POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Fo
Page 49: The solution takes a few minutes to
Page 53 and 54: Results and Discussion The model pr
Page 55 and 56: 4 Select both spheres and click the
Page 57 and 58: RF and Microwave Models In this cha
Page 59 and 60: measure of the transmittance and re
Page 61 and 62: y 1 cm is at about 7.5 GHz. At the
Page 63 and 64: By feeding the circulator at a diff
Page 65 and 66: Importing the Geometry from a Binar
Page 67 and 68: MESH GENERATION This model uses the
Page 69 and 70: It is more instructive to look at t
Page 71 and 72: Note: When displaying S-Parameter v
Page 73 and 74: Monoconical RF Antenna Introduction
Page 75 and 76: 50 Ω, to obtain maximum transmiss
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3-7 shows the antenna radiat
Page 79 and 80: 2 Select the RF Module>Electromagne
Page 81 and 82: 13 Zoom in around (0, 0) using the
Page 83 and 84: 4 In the Contour levels area, click
Page 85 and 86: 2 Clear the Keep current plot check
Page 87 and 88: 6 Click the Solve button on the Mai
Page 89 and 90: Results and Discussion The figure b
Page 91 and 92: PHYSICS SETTINGS Point Settings Def
Page 93 and 94: 2 In the x-axis area, select the Ex
Page 95 and 96: Because the impedance is inversely
Page 97 and 98: 4 From the Space dimension list, se
Page 99 and 100: 2 Select Boundaries 1, 2, 4, and 6.
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4 On the Pointwise Constraints page
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12 Click the Solve button on the Ma
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Module. The electromagnetic cavity
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EIGENFREQUENCY VS. TEMPERATURE By r
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GEOMETRY MODELING 1 Go to the Draw
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3 Set dx, dy, and dz to u, v, and w
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20 Select the Solve using solver se
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Computing the Solution Using a Para
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8 Click Solve. 9 When the parametri
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H-Bend Waveguide with S-parameters
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Model Library path: RF_Module/RF_an
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1 From the Postprocessing menu, cho
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The rectangular port is excited by
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Figure 3-16 shows a single-mode wav
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Figure 3-18: The S 21 parameter (in
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PHYSICS SETTINGS First set up the b
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FREEZING THE BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS
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Microwave Cancer Therapy Introducti
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The model takes advantage of the pr
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DOMAIN AND BOUNDARY EQUATIONS—HEA
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Figure 3-23: The computed microwave
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solutions for both the electromagne
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4 Select Subdomain 1, then enter th
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1 Click the Plot Parameters button
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sar_in_human_head_interp.txt. That
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The bioheat equation produces a sim
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3 Click OK. 4 From the Options menu
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17 In the Work-Plane Settings dialo
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SETTINGS SUBDOMAIN 19 epsilonr_brai
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4 Click the Init tab and type 0 in
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION 1
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The walls of the oven and the waveg
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Figure 3-29: Temperature in the cen
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3 Click the block symbol again and
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2 At the waveguide end, Boundary 23
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4 Click OK to generate the plot bel
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Because the filter cutoff should be
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the force is applied. Figure 3-32 d
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6 Then the ECAD Import Options dial
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Subdomain Settings
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solver takes more steps than it sto
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3 Select Subdomain 1 and clear the
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Balanced Patch Antenna for 6 GHz In
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k0 = ω ε0 µ 0 All metallic objec
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divided by the input power. In Figu
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Reference 1. E. Recht and S. Shiran
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10 Select the objects SQ2, CO1, and
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43 Specify two spheres with the fol
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inputs are feeding the antenna, lik
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the width of the PML is equal to λ
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a toggle button that shifts between
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5 Select Coarse solver from the tre
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maxE = max(EdB); minE = min(EdB); E
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exterior of the PML that shows a ve
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13 Choose Extrude from the Draw men
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2 Click the Settings button. 3 In t
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Sea Bed Logging Introduction The Se
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Figure 3-39: Electric field magnitu
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables 1
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5 Click the General tab. From the P
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Optics and Photonics Models In this
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Model Definition The model is built
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables S
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION By
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Model Definition The geometry is a
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2 In the list of application modes,
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Because the refractive index of GaA
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5 Click OK twice to see the followi
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Bandgap Analysis of a Photonic Crys
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a 2 a 3 × b1 = 2π----------------
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The five lowest bands for the (1, 1
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Modeling Using the Graphical User I
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Subdomain Settings 1 Open the Subdo
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3 Click the Parametric tab. Select
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3 Click OK to see the following plo
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fem.appl{1}.prop.analysis = 'harmon
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Model Definition The mode analysis
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2 Select the RF Module>Perpendicula
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4 On the Contour page, give Magneti
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includes only two independent param
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OPTIONS AND SETTINGS 1 Open the Con
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The problem becomes well-posed by a
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Th
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7 Click OK. 8 From the Postprocessi
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the computed propagation constants
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3 The default eigenmode is the one
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Compare these ideal values of the p
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Stress-Optical Effects with General
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The PDE solved is Navier’s equati
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and εx ∂u = ∂x εy ∂v = ∂y
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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NAME EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION B2 0.65
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2 In the Subdomain Expressions dial
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4 Initialize the mesh in this geome
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Note: This model includes an extens
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3 Enter 1.46 in the text field Sear
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In these expressions, w 0 is the mi
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After 90 fs the pulse has reached t
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4 Select the RF Module>In-Plane Wav
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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6 Click the Remesh button; when the
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2 On the General page, make sure th
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Propagation of a 3D Gaussian Beam L
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Figure 4-15: After 20 fs the pulse
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7 Click the Delete Interior Boundar
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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5 From the Options menu, select Sup
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INDEX 3D electromagnetic waves mode
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efractive index 222, 254 resistance
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RF MODULE

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