RF MODULE

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Magnetic Frill Introduction 14 | CHAPTER 2: TUTORIAL MODELS Feeding antennas with proper signals can be difficult. The signal is often described as a voltage, and voltages are not well defined in electromagnetic wave formulations. There are several tricks to model voltage generators in such situations, and one is the magnetic frill. This model shows the basic steps of defining a magnetic frill voltage generator for a dipole antenna, and it also compares the resulting antenna impedance with known results. Model Definition Magnetic frills can only be defined for the wave formulation using the H-field, which is based on the time-harmonic Faraday’s law. ∇ × E = – jωB Although there are no magnetic charges, it is possible to mathematically define a current of magnetic charges, called a magnetic current. This current enters the right-hand side of Faraday’s law in the same manner as the ordinary current enters the right-hand side of Ampère’s law. Similar to the ordinary current density that has the unit A/m 2 , the magnetic current density has the unit V/m 2 . A closed loop of magnetic current therefore has the unit V and represents a voltage generator for the surface closed by the loop. In this model, the loop is located around a thin straight wire and acts as a voltage source at the center of the wire. This is a dipole antenna fed by a voltage signal in the center. The current through the wire is measured with another loop, along which a line integral of the H-field is specified. ∫H ⋅ dl = I Note that this loop and the magnetic current loop must be two different loops.
Results and Discussion The dipole antenna is fed with a voltage signal of 1 V, and from the measured current it is possible to extract the impedance. Taken from Ref. 1, the impedance and dimensions of a typical dipole antenna are shown in the table below. The dimensions are given in terms of the wavelength, λ. WAVELENGTH LENGTH RADIUS IMPEDANCE 0.3 0.47λ 0.005λ The impedance from the COMSOL Multiphysics model is 78.08 + 11.88i, which agrees well with the results from Ref. 1. Reference 1. C.A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley and Sons, 1989. Model Library path: <strong>RF</strong>_Module/Tutorial_Models/magnetic_frill Modeling Using the Graphical User Interface MODEL NAVIGATOR 1 Select 3D from the Space dimension list. 2 Select the <strong>RF</strong> Module>Electromagnetic Waves>Harmonic propagation application mode. 3 From the Element list choose Vector - Quadratic. 4 Click the Multiphysics button followed by the Add button. 5 Click the Application Mode Properties button to open the dialog box with the same name. 6 In the dialog box, choose Magnetic Field from the Solve for list, then click OK. 7 Click OK. MAGNETIC FRILL | 15
Page 1 and 2: COMSOL Multiphysics RF MODULE V ERS
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Mo
Page 5 and 6: Results and Discussion. . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Chapter 4: Optics and Photonics Mod
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction The RF Module Model
Page 11 and 12: highlights. The categories here inc
Page 13 and 14: TABLE 1-1: RF MODULE MODEL LIBRARY
Page 15 and 16: 2 Tutorial Models This chapter cont
Page 17 and 18: Results and Discussion Figure 2-1 s
Page 19 and 20: 4 Draw a square with corners at (
Page 21: COMPUTING THE SOLUTION Click the So
Page 25 and 26: PHYSICS SETTINGS Variables 1 Choose
Page 27 and 28: 5 Click OK to close the dialog box
Page 29 and 30: Model Library path: RF_Module/Tutor
Page 31 and 32: 4 From the Solve menu, open the Sol
Page 33 and 34: them from the eigenvalues. The appl
Page 35 and 36: 5 On the Port page, set the values
Page 37 and 38: 5 On the Port page, enter 36.4 in t
Page 39 and 40: Waveguide Optimization Introduction
Page 41 and 42: Results and Discussion Figure 2-3 s
Page 43 and 44: Modeling Using the Graphical User I
Page 45 and 46: 3 Select Boundary 7 and set the Con
Page 47 and 48: POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Fo
Page 49 and 50: The solution takes a few minutes to
Page 51 and 52: Night side Earth surface Ionosphere
Page 53 and 54: Results and Discussion The model pr
Page 55 and 56: 4 Select both spheres and click the
Page 57 and 58: RF and Microwave Models In this cha
Page 59 and 60: measure of the transmittance and re
Page 61 and 62: y 1 cm is at about 7.5 GHz. At the
Page 63 and 64: By feeding the circulator at a diff
Page 65 and 66: Importing the Geometry from a Binar
Page 67 and 68: MESH GENERATION This model uses the
Page 69 and 70: It is more instructive to look at t
Page 71 and 72: Note: When displaying S-Parameter v
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Monoconical RF Antenna Introduction
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50 Ω, to obtain maximum transmiss
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Figure 3-7 shows the antenna radiat
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2 Select the RF Module>Electromagne
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13 Zoom in around (0, 0) using the
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4 In the Contour levels area, click
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2 Clear the Keep current plot check
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6 Click the Solve button on the Mai
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Results and Discussion The figure b
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Point Settings Def
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2 In the x-axis area, select the Ex
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Because the impedance is inversely
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4 From the Space dimension list, se
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2 Select Boundaries 1, 2, 4, and 6.
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4 On the Pointwise Constraints page
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12 Click the Solve button on the Ma
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Module. The electromagnetic cavity
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EIGENFREQUENCY VS. TEMPERATURE By r
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GEOMETRY MODELING 1 Go to the Draw
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3 Set dx, dy, and dz to u, v, and w
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20 Select the Solve using solver se
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Computing the Solution Using a Para
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8 Click Solve. 9 When the parametri
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H-Bend Waveguide with S-parameters
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Model Library path: RF_Module/RF_an
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1 From the Postprocessing menu, cho
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The rectangular port is excited by
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Figure 3-16 shows a single-mode wav
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Figure 3-18: The S 21 parameter (in
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PHYSICS SETTINGS First set up the b
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FREEZING THE BOUNDARY MODE ANALYSIS
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Microwave Cancer Therapy Introducti
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The model takes advantage of the pr
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DOMAIN AND BOUNDARY EQUATIONS—HEA
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Figure 3-23: The computed microwave
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solutions for both the electromagne
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4 Select Subdomain 1, then enter th
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1 Click the Plot Parameters button
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sar_in_human_head_interp.txt. That
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The bioheat equation produces a sim
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3 Click OK. 4 From the Options menu
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17 In the Work-Plane Settings dialo
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SETTINGS SUBDOMAIN 19 epsilonr_brai
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4 Click the Init tab and type 0 in
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION 1
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The walls of the oven and the waveg
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Figure 3-29: Temperature in the cen
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3 Click the block symbol again and
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2 At the waveguide end, Boundary 23
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4 Click OK to generate the plot bel
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Because the filter cutoff should be
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the force is applied. Figure 3-32 d
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6 Then the ECAD Import Options dial
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Subdomain Settings
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solver takes more steps than it sto
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3 Select Subdomain 1 and clear the
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Balanced Patch Antenna for 6 GHz In
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k0 = ω ε0 µ 0 All metallic objec
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divided by the input power. In Figu
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Reference 1. E. Recht and S. Shiran
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10 Select the objects SQ2, CO1, and
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43 Specify two spheres with the fol
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inputs are feeding the antenna, lik
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the width of the PML is equal to λ
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a toggle button that shifts between
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5 Select Coarse solver from the tre
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maxE = max(EdB); minE = min(EdB); E
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exterior of the PML that shows a ve
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13 Choose Extrude from the Draw men
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2 Click the Settings button. 3 In t
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Sea Bed Logging Introduction The Se
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Figure 3-39: Electric field magnitu
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables 1
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5 Click the General tab. From the P
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Optics and Photonics Models In this
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Model Definition The model is built
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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PHYSICS SETTINGS Scalar Variables S
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION By
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Model Definition The geometry is a
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2 In the list of application modes,
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Because the refractive index of GaA
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5 Click OK twice to see the followi
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Bandgap Analysis of a Photonic Crys
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a 2 a 3 × b1 = 2π----------------
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The five lowest bands for the (1, 1
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Modeling Using the Graphical User I
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Subdomain Settings 1 Open the Subdo
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3 Click the Parametric tab. Select
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3 Click OK to see the following plo
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fem.appl{1}.prop.analysis = 'harmon
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Model Definition The mode analysis
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2 Select the RF Module>Perpendicula
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4 On the Contour page, give Magneti
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includes only two independent param
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OPTIONS AND SETTINGS 1 Open the Con
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The problem becomes well-posed by a
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POSTPROCESSING AND VISUALIZATION Th
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7 Click OK. 8 From the Postprocessi
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the computed propagation constants
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3 The default eigenmode is the one
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Compare these ideal values of the p
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Stress-Optical Effects with General
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The PDE solved is Navier’s equati
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and εx ∂u = ∂x εy ∂v = ∂y
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Model Library path: RF_Module/Optic
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NAME EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION B2 0.65
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2 In the Subdomain Expressions dial
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4 Initialize the mesh in this geome
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Note: This model includes an extens
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3 Enter 1.46 in the text field Sear
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In these expressions, w 0 is the mi
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After 90 fs the pulse has reached t
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4 Select the RF Module>In-Plane Wav
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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6 Click the Remesh button; when the
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2 On the General page, make sure th
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Propagation of a 3D Gaussian Beam L
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Figure 4-15: After 20 fs the pulse
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7 Click the Delete Interior Boundar
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Boundary Conditions 1 From the Phys
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5 From the Options menu, select Sup
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INDEX 3D electromagnetic waves mode
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efractive index 222, 254 resistance
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RF MODULE

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