WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work must fit in with the rest of the work activity in the area. In general, it is best to do this when the least number of people are scheduled to be in the immediate vicinity. So, when the conditions permit, avoid the hours that are the busiest. PRE-START INSPECTION Before starting to use the Hydro-Blaster, check to see that the hoses and fittings are in good condition. Check for thread wear on the high pressure couplings and hose ends. The improper use of wrenches is the main cause of damage to hose ends. So take the time to use the proper tools. The extremely high water pressure also erodes the rubber hose material. If the outer rubber is torn and the braided material is exposed, check carefully to be sure that the braids are not broken. Any high pressure hose that is in questionable condition should be taken out of service immediately. Do not try to repair a hose yourself. Leave that to the manufacturer. Again, do not take a chance. It is dangerous to use equipment that is not in good condition. If you suspect that the equipment is faulty, replace it. A safe Hydro-Blasting job can only be accomplished when the high pressure equipment is properly set up. You will need to clean and teflon tape all fittings and couplings before installing them in the system. When teflon tape is used, be sure that none is left in system, because it will plug nozzles or dump valves. With the pump engine shut down, hook up the high pressure pipe, hose, fittings, and lances to the discharge manifold of the pump that will deliver the maximum hydraulic horsepower to the nozzle. Start the engine and set it at proper RPM. Flush the pump, hoses and lances by opening the dump valve with nozzle removed. This will insure that there are no heavy solids in the line before installing the jets, thus reducing the chance of the jets being plugged. The dump valve is a safety device used to control the on-off of the high pressure water. The dump may be either a hand or foot operated type. In either case, it must have guards around the trigger to help prevent accidental activation. PRE-START PRESSURE TEST Now, restart the engine and pressure test the complete system as you have it hooked up. The test should be made up to one of the following limits: 1. Either the maximum rated working pressure of the pump head or the dump valve; 2. One and one-half times the rated working pressure of the hose, or 3. The highest pressure attainable with the hook-up you have, not to exceed 11/2 times the operating pressure you expect on the job. 152
Repair all leaks that you find, but never hammer or tighten any union or connection while the system is under pressure. Relieve the pressure first, tighten the leaking section, then repressurize to verify that the leak has been stopped. Inspect the structures or area that you will be Hydro-Blasting for any loose objects which may become projectiles when hit with the high pressure spray. There are a variety of pump and nozzle combinations that may be used depending upon the specific needs of the job. But in every case, the workers must be protected. Figure 1 illustrates the normal protective clothing. The hard hat prevents head injuries. It is required in most industrial areas. He is wearing both a full face shield and safety glasses with side shields. If any water or flying debris gets under the face shield, the safety glasses should prevent it from entering his eyes. If necessary, he wears ear protection because of the high noise level. The rubber gloves protect his hands from both the spray and the equipment. The rubber boots he wears are extra thick and cannot readily be cut by the high pressure HydroBlast spray. All barrels on shotguns (Fig. 2) should be at least 48" long. This helps prevent foot injuries from the high pressure water. Special precautions should be used when the barrel is less than 48". SHOT-GUNNING Experience with Hydro-Blasting equipment is the best way to learn which jets and what pressure is the safest and most efficient for the work being done. If more than one jet is used, you must balance the force of the jets by arranging them so that the back pressure is equalized. Watch for any indications that the nozzle orifices are becoming plugged. A plugged nozzle can offset the thrust so that the gun is forced strongly in one direction. This not only reduces the cleaning efficiency but can throw a worker off balance and cause him to lose his footing. If he loses control of the blast gun, an accident can result. Remember, always operate within the rated limits of the weakest part of the system. The operating pressure should be capable of removing the deposit that is to be cleaned. A higher pressure should only be used where significant improvements can be realized, such as a faster or more thorough cleaning job. If a higher pressure is desirable, be sure the dump valve is rated at that higher pressure as well. If not, do not exceed the operating pressure of the valve. The dump valve is your main safety device. Every hook-up must include one, and it must operate properly. The dump valve should always be controlled by the worker closest to the nozzle. If it fails for any reason, the work must be stopped immediately until the valve is repaired or replaced. TUBE-LANCING Figure 3 illustrates a common tube-lancing operation. The worker repeatedly applies high pressure water to clean the internal walls of tubes. Sometimes they are 153
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
Page 108 and 109: y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
Page 110 and 111: Using equation (15), the value of X
Page 112 and 113: Thus about the first 10% of the dri
Page 114 and 115: Many design cases, including those
Page 116 and 117: surface spall occurred, resulting i
Page 118 and 119: Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
Page 120 and 121: Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
Page 122 and 123: Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
Page 124 and 125: Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
Page 126 and 127: DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
Page 128 and 129: material which are, in turn, affect
Page 130 and 131: the water jet. This method was not
Page 132 and 133: where h is the depth of penetration
Page 134 and 135: obtained during this phase of the i
Page 136 and 137: observed that the smallest depth of
Page 138 and 139: Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
Page 142 and 143: DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
Page 144 and 145: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
Page 146 and 147: The injection pressure can be contr
Page 148 and 149: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
Page 150 and 151: Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
Page 152 and 153: Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
Page 154 and 155: THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
Page 156 and 157: HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
Page 160 and 161: horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
Page 162 and 163: Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
Page 164 and 165: DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
Page 166 and 167: causing chain breakages and the scr
Page 168 and 169: was encountered, then the rotation
Page 170 and 171: (C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
Page 172 and 173: Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
Page 174 and 175: OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
Page 176 and 177: PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
Page 178 and 179: power output. Undersized nozzles re
Page 180 and 181: Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
Page 182 and 183: Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
Page 184 and 185: CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
Page 186 and 187: pressure can be lowered to perhaps
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
Page 190 and 191: DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
Page 192 and 193: where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
Page 194 and 195: Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
Page 196 and 197: REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
Page 200 and 201: ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
Page 202 and 203: complexity and short component life
Page 204 and 205: Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
Page 206 and 207: Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
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Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
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SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
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Development of High Pressure_Techno
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configurations, the design of an op
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and public sectors. After a haitus
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Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
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Figure 5. Technological achievement
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Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
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already been, or is being applied w
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Using the requirements profile and
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ant hose combination, a guiding sys
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HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
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SAFETY All operations were carried
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TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
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Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
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SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
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do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
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Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
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Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
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HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
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Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
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INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
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The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
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By the end of 1982, a total of more
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Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
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Figure 10. An operating performance
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for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
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the particles, while at slower spee
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to break away the remaining segment
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Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
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NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
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hydraulic power required to cut thr
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pressure was varied from 103 to 310
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2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
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Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
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Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
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JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
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Bottom notch diameter was determine
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σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
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Figure 3. Final block displacement.
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Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
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THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
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use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
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supply line. It was determined that
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The rotating head requires major mo
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Figure 4. System field test set-up
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Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
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MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
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Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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due to wear. Although actual operat
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from this new technology. Table 2 l
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Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
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a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
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DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
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CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
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slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
Page 448 and 449:
DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
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materials. The flexibility in nozzl
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pressure can be wiped out if diffic
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9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
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Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
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Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
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ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
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sudden changes in the feed rate eff
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or the abrasive must be manually to
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clog; there not being sufficient ar
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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
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Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
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Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
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Other criteria to be considered in
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3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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