WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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Figure 10. An operating performance in driving in a small cross-section roadway. 294
A PREVIEW OF METHODS FOR CUTTING CONCRETE Clarence R. Styron III Pavement systems Division, Geotechnical Laboratory U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 INTRODUCTION Background. In the event of bomb damage to a runway, military plans require repair and restoration of the pavement with priority over all but life-threatening activities. Minimum time has been allotted to the concrete cutting phase of the bomb crater repair to remove the distorted concrete. The linear distance desired to cut around the crater is assumed to be 400 ft. A 1hour cutting time is assigned. With these assumptions an acceptable cutting device should be capable of cutting 400 lin ft of 12-in.-thick concrete in 1 hour. The area of concrete thus exposed is 400 ft times 1 ft or 400 sq ft. Consequently all cutting methods reviewed are tabulated in terms of their exposure rate (the product of the linear foot of travel, in feet per hour, times the thickness of the actual cut reported, in feet) and compared to the 400 sq ft/hour target rate of cutting. Scope. This study evaluates several means of cutting concrete including the water jet, water jet with abrasives, explosives, and mechanical means for cutting 12-in.-thick concrete. Both single and hybrid techniques were investigated. CUTTING DEFINED Concrete cutting will be arbitrarily defined as a method of parting a concrete monolith along some predetermined straight line (1/2-in. variance in 12 ft) in such a manner that a reasonably smooth surface is left along the cut face of the remaining concrete. Crushing or breaking the concrete is not accurate enough for the limitations imposed above. METHODS EXPLAINED Water Jet. The water jet is a method of cutting that employs a narrow stream of water at a high velocity to erode the concrete. The water may or may not cut through the aggregate used in the concrete and it has no effect on the reinforcing steel other than to thoroughly remove all concrete from its surface. The water jet device consists of a pump powered by electricity, gasoline, or compressed air to pressurize the water, an intensifier pump for pressures greater than approximately 2600 bars (38,000 psi), and a nozzle which controls the diameter of the water iet. Water Jet with Abrasives. Abrasives can be included in the water jet for improved effectiveness. The abrasive is thoroughly agitated by the water jet and adds significantly to the cutting rate for any water jet as compared to a water jet without abrasives under otherwise similar conditions. Maximum effectiveness occurs when the abrasive is evenly distributed over the entire area of jet impingement. Obviously the type of material used 295
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
Page 250 and 251: Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
Page 252 and 253: SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
Page 254 and 255: Development of High Pressure_Techno
Page 256 and 257: configurations, the design of an op
Page 258 and 259: and public sectors. After a haitus
Page 260 and 261: Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
Page 262 and 263: Figure 5. Technological achievement
Page 264 and 265: Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
Page 266 and 267: already been, or is being applied w
Page 268 and 269: Using the requirements profile and
Page 270 and 271: ant hose combination, a guiding sys
Page 272 and 273: HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
Page 274 and 275: SAFETY All operations were carried
Page 276 and 277: TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
Page 278 and 279: Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
Page 280 and 281: SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
Page 282 and 283: do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
Page 284 and 285: Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
Page 286 and 287: Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
Page 288 and 289: HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
Page 290 and 291: Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
Page 292 and 293: INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
Page 294 and 295: The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
Page 296 and 297: By the end of 1982, a total of more
Page 298 and 299: Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
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Page 304 and 305: the particles, while at slower spee
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Page 308 and 309: Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
Page 310 and 311: NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
Page 312 and 313: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
Page 314 and 315: hydraulic power required to cut thr
Page 316 and 317: pressure was varied from 103 to 310
Page 318 and 319: 2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
Page 320 and 321: Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
Page 322 and 323: Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
Page 324 and 325: JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
Page 326 and 327: Bottom notch diameter was determine
Page 328 and 329: σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
Page 330 and 331: Figure 3. Final block displacement.
Page 332 and 333: Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
Page 334 and 335: THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
Page 336 and 337: use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
Page 338 and 339: supply line. It was determined that
Page 340 and 341: The rotating head requires major mo
Page 342 and 343: Figure 4. System field test set-up
Page 344 and 345: Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
Page 346 and 347: MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
Page 348 and 349: Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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due to wear. Although actual operat
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from this new technology. Table 2 l
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Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
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a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
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DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
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CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
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slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
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DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
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materials. The flexibility in nozzl
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pressure can be wiped out if diffic
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9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
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Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
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Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
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ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
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sudden changes in the feed rate eff
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or the abrasive must be manually to
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clog; there not being sufficient ar
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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
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Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
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Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
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Other criteria to be considered in
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3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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