WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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3 MANUAL METHODS OF <strong>JET</strong> CLEANING & AUTOMATED METHODS It is true to say that over the past few years automation has come to the fore as a method of jet cleaning. This has obvious advantages in that the operator is removed from a dirty, uncomfortable and all too often dangerous situation, Where it is not absolutely necessary to clean automatically it is also not always preferable to clean automatically. Table IV is a composite table comparing the costs of cleaning condenser/tube bundles of varying lengths with varying numbers of tubes using existing automated equipment and conventional manual methods. Griffiths (1979). The tubes in the bundles are assumed to have a soft/medium water scale and the tubes are assumed to be unblocked. The running costs for the systems are US$ and include amortisation of equipment over a 6 year period assuming 80% use, fuel, spares and consumables and labour, The fuel component is 17 gph for the Automated system and 10 gph for the manual system. The spares/consumable element is $12.00 for the Automated System and $8.00 for the manual, Labour has been estimated at $12,00 for automated and $18.00 for the manual. TABLE IV Length of Bundle 5ft l0ft 15ft 25ft Cost per Bundle M A M A M A M A Tube No, 100 25. 78. 51. 78. 102. 78. 155. 78. 500 102. 117. 357. 117. 459. 117. 561. 156. 1000 204. 195. 876. 195. 969. 195. 1173. 234. 2000 408. 312. 1530. 312. 1836. 390. 2240. 429. From Table IV it will be seen that small tube bundles do not require automation, though this can become a critical necessity when long bundles with large numbers of tubes are tackled, especially at shutdown periods. The rate at which impellers have been cleaned has been measured and costed Swan (195^8) using (1) manual methods ie casting cleaned in open space outside (2) a casting cleaning machine, with a method of clamping and the facility to approach the casting through 360° in the horizontal with a tilt mechanism through 115°, thus allowing the casting to be approached from all angles - See Plate I Photograph of casting cleaning machine showing gimbal gun and turntable. 473
TABLE V Casting cleaning impellors Batch of 100 castings cleaned using (a) Manual - 75 HP pump @ 9500 psi 10 gym (b) Machine - 75 HP pump @ 9500 psi 10 gym Manual costs $ Machine costs $ Capital equipment Time taken over 30,000 50,000 100 impellors 100 hours 25 hours Running costs 500.00 Spares/ 125.00 Ancillaries 250.00 62.50 Labour (2 men) 1200.00 (1 man)150.00 Amortisation 300.00 125.00 Total 2250.00 462.50 Cost per unit $22.50 $4.62 From Table V it can be seen that for quite moderate degrees of automation considerable savings can be made, not only in time and money but in a more attractive and safer working environment. The above Tables TV and V can be replicated for many applications but automation is often not cost effective in certain situations, for example:Where access is limited - eg in situ condensers in many fossil fueled power station applications or Where fine movements and manipulation are required - eg small bore passages. Other circumstances may also intervene, for example heavy and intermittent blockages in tubes can cause damage to fixed motion lances. 4. PRICING - THE CONTRACTOR/CUSTOMER/OPERATOR INTERFACE. With the economic recession from which we have suffered in the UK over the past almost ten years we have seen competition grow fiercer, prices become keener and the customer put more and more pressure on the contractor to produce ever more for less return, This has in turn been exacerbated by the grossing requirement of the operator for more pay to survive in a continuing inflationary spiral. Fig V shows hourly charges from a contractor (Reliance Descaling 1967-82) to a customer, and wages paid by the contractor to operators over the same period, From Fig V it will be seen that wages have increased by a factor of X5 whilst charges to the customer have increased by a factor of X2,3, thus profit margins have been steadily eroded. It is also interesting to note the considerable decline in the rate of increase of cost to the customer after the introduction of competition in 1972. This is now an active policy pursued by many major customers of water jetting contractors in the UK, That is to say, two contractors are used. In its most unpalatable form one 474
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
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Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
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SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
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Development of High Pressure_Techno
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configurations, the design of an op
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and public sectors. After a haitus
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Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
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Figure 5. Technological achievement
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Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
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already been, or is being applied w
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Using the requirements profile and
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ant hose combination, a guiding sys
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HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
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SAFETY All operations were carried
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TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
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Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
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SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
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do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
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Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
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Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
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HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
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Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
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INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
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The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
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By the end of 1982, a total of more
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Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
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Figure 10. An operating performance
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for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
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the particles, while at slower spee
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to break away the remaining segment
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Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
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NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
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hydraulic power required to cut thr
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pressure was varied from 103 to 310
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2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
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Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
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Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
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JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
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Bottom notch diameter was determine
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σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
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Figure 3. Final block displacement.
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Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
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THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
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use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
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supply line. It was determined that
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The rotating head requires major mo
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Figure 4. System field test set-up
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Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
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MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
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Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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Page 432 and 433: from this new technology. Table 2 l
Page 434 and 435: Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
Page 436 and 437: Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
Page 438 and 439: a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
Page 440 and 441: a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
Page 442 and 443: DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
Page 444 and 445: CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
Page 446 and 447: slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
Page 448 and 449: DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
Page 450 and 451: materials. The flexibility in nozzl
Page 452 and 453: pressure can be wiped out if diffic
Page 454 and 455: 9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
Page 456 and 457: Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
Page 458 and 459: Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
Page 460 and 461: Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
Page 462 and 463: ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
Page 464 and 465: sudden changes in the feed rate eff
Page 466 and 467: or the abrasive must be manually to
Page 468 and 469: clog; there not being sufficient ar
Page 470 and 471: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
Page 472 and 473: Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
Page 474 and 475: Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
Page 476 and 477: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
Page 478 and 479: Other criteria to be considered in
Page 482 and 483: contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
Page 484 and 485: Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
Page 486 and 487: Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
Page 488 and 489: ackground to the subsequent coopera
Page 490 and 491: The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
Page 492 and 493: shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
Page 494: 26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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