WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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from this new technology. Table 2 lists some of these industries, some applications and the advantages of the abrasivejet technique. For the construction industry, in the area of road and bridge repair, an abrasive-jet system may consist of a trailer housing a hydraulic pump, a high-pressure water intensifier, an engine, and online abrasive storage. A crew van can also be used to store abrasives, water, hoses, and applicators. This system could perform several useful functions, in addition to cutting and scarifying. For example, it could be used to sandblast corroded rebars and cut them, or it can drill holes for bolting posts. Table 2 Abrasive-Jet Advantages for Various Applications Industry Application Abrasive-Jet Advantages Construction . Reinforced concrete buildings, road, . Quick set-up . Underground work. . 10-in.-deep cuts in one pass . Hydrodams. . No vibrations induced . Pile Cutting. . No crack propagation . Same tool can cut and scarify . Fast and cost effective . Oil and Gas . Oil well casings . Handheld or manipulator integrated Production . Pipeline repair Tool can cut steel and concrete . Platform repair in hazardous environments . Sea . Inspection work water operation is possible. Compact tool for downhole work (For additional applications see Table 2a below). In the oil and gas industry, a ship can be equipped with an abrasive-jet cutting system for offshore work. Casing cutting for decommissioning of oil wells, rescue operations, platform cutting and repair, underwater construction, and pipe cutting are only examples of what a single cutting system can offer. British Petroleum, in cooperation with the British Hydrodynamic Research Association, has already realized this potential and developed an abrasive-jet cutting system for offshore rescue operations. The system developed, however, requires high power with high flow rates of water (up to 15 gpm) and abrasives (up to 15 lb/ min). In aerospace, glass, automotive, ceramics, and metals manufacturing industries and in general factory applications, a stationary system could be used. This system may consist of a pumping unit, a catcher, possibly a recycling unit, and a traversing device. Robots, x-y tables, and optical tracers are examples of traversing devices that can easily be equipped with abrasive-jet cutting nozzles. Specific examples of products that can be cut in these industries are heat exchanger cores, ceramic catalytic converters, thick ceramic sheets, thick plate glass, laminated glass, high-strength composite armor, composite missile cases and launch tubes, armor plates, titanium sheets, tubes, and honeycomb structures. These materials are currently cut by a variety of devices, including diamond saws, diamond wires, abrasive discs, plasmas and lasers. 425
However, the thermal devices may produce undesirable changes in material characteristics and, in some cases, may not be able to cut as effectively as an abrasive waterjet. The coal mining industry can presently benefit from this technology by being able to safely cut metal structures in the potentially explosive environment underground. Coal picks can be replaced with abrasive jets for higher productivity. Only a few examples of the potential application of the abrasive-jet cutting technology have been presented in this discussion. However, they do demonstrate the broad range of applications of abrasive-waterjet technology. The possibilities for the industrial use of abrasive jets in the immediate future seem unlimited. 8. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions of this discussion of abrasive jet cutting in industrial applications are summarized below. 1. Cutting with abrasive waterjets has a great potential for a wide range of applications in many industries. 2. With the present state of the art of the abrasive-jet cutting technology, a number of industries can immediately benefit technically, economically and environmentally. 3. The cost of metal cutting with abrasive jets is presently higher than thermal cutting techniques, especially for thin sheets. However, the reduced costs of subsequent finishing operations and the versatility of abrasive jets in cutting a wide range of metals may justify their use. 4. Cutting with abrasive jets has many technical and environmental advantages unmatched by other techniques. Examples are the ability to cut very hard materials, the high quality of cuts produced, reduced noise levels, and increased safety. 5. Research and development efforts have improved the cutting performance of the abrasive jet. To compete with existing techniques and penetrate new markets, further efforts are needed to fully optimize cutting performance and equipment. REFERENCES Hashish, M., 1982a, "The Application of Abrasive Jets to Concrete Cutting," Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Jet Cutting Technology, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, England, pp. 447-463. Hashish, M., 1982b, "Steel Cutting With Abrasive Waterjets," Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Jet Cutting Technology, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, England, pp. 465-487. Hashish, M., 1982c, "A Modeling Study of Abrasive Waterjet Metals Cutting," to be presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, also submitted for publication in Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. Saunders, D. H., 1982, "A Safe Method of Cutting Steel and Rock," Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Jet Cutting Technology, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, England. 426
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
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Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
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SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
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Development of High Pressure_Techno
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configurations, the design of an op
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and public sectors. After a haitus
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Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
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Figure 5. Technological achievement
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Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
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already been, or is being applied w
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Using the requirements profile and
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ant hose combination, a guiding sys
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HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
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SAFETY All operations were carried
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TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
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Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
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SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
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do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
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Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
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Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
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HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
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Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
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INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
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The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
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By the end of 1982, a total of more
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Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
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Figure 10. An operating performance
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for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
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the particles, while at slower spee
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to break away the remaining segment
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Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
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NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
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hydraulic power required to cut thr
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pressure was varied from 103 to 310
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2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
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Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
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Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
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JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
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Bottom notch diameter was determine
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σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
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Figure 3. Final block displacement.
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Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
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THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
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use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
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supply line. It was determined that
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The rotating head requires major mo
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Figure 4. System field test set-up
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Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
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MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
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Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
Page 382 and 383: Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
Page 384 and 385: Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
Page 386 and 387: Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
Page 388 and 389: SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
Page 390 and 391: out thoroughly an efficient scheme
Page 392 and 393: Research analysis has proved that t
Page 394 and 395: DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
Page 396 and 397: The experiments have shown how the
Page 398 and 399: K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
Page 400 and 401: Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
Page 402 and 403: Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
Page 404 and 405: Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
Page 406 and 407: Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
Page 408 and 409: NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
Page 410 and 411: presented. This study, of course, i
Page 412 and 413: identifying a general trend for the
Page 414 and 415: Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
Page 416 and 417: In some situations, especially in c
Page 418 and 419: Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
Page 420 and 421: Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
Page 422 and 423: Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
Page 424 and 425: CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
Page 426 and 427: 3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
Page 428 and 429: Because of the large number of infl
Page 430 and 431: due to wear. Although actual operat
Page 434 and 435: Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
Page 436 and 437: Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
Page 438 and 439: a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
Page 440 and 441: a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
Page 442 and 443: DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
Page 444 and 445: CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
Page 446 and 447: slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
Page 448 and 449: DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
Page 450 and 451: materials. The flexibility in nozzl
Page 452 and 453: pressure can be wiped out if diffic
Page 454 and 455: 9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
Page 456 and 457: Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
Page 458 and 459: Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
Page 460 and 461: Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
Page 462 and 463: ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
Page 464 and 465: sudden changes in the feed rate eff
Page 466 and 467: or the abrasive must be manually to
Page 468 and 469: clog; there not being sufficient ar
Page 470 and 471: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
Page 472 and 473: Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
Page 474 and 475: Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
Page 476 and 477: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
Page 478 and 479: Other criteria to be considered in
Page 480 and 481: 3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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