WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for grinding study. 280
STATUS OF HYDRAULIC COAL MINING IN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Fun-Den Wang Professor of Mining Engineering Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado ABSTRACT A brief summary of hydraulic coal mining in People's Republic of China is presented in this report. The current production, seam characteristics, mine layout, sequence of extraction, coal transport and equipment used are discussed. INTRODUCTION People's Republic of China initiated its first hydraulic coal mining experiments in 1956. Following the successful demonstration, mine production began in 1958 and a peak production of seventeen million tons per year was reached prior to the 1977 major earthquake. The current production is about eight to ten million tons per year from over ten mines. There are three types of hydraulic coal mining used in China: (1) Complete hydraulic mining, (2) Hydraulic mining in combination with conventional mining, and (3) Conventional mining assited by hydro-transport. SEAM CHARACTERISTICS Hydraulic mining has been applied in single as well as multiple coal seams with 7 0 to 75 o dip and 0.7 to 14 meter thickness. Some of the seams are irregular in thickness caused by igneous intrusions, extremely gassy, soft and dusty and tend to have spontaneous combustion. Five types of seams have been mined hydraulically. They are: 1. 4 to 8 m, gently pitching (10 0 -30 0 ) 2. 1.0 to 2 m, gently pitching (10 0 -30 0 ) 3. 10 to 14 m, moderately pitching (30 0 ) 4. 2 to 4 m, steeply pitching (30 0 -75 0 ) 5. 0.6 to 1.3 m, steeply pitching (30 0 -75 0 ) Mine roof generally is stable shale, sandstone, or a mix of sandstone and shale. Floor is generally shale. PRODUCTION Field experiences (Ref. 1 & 2) indicate that under favorable geological conditions and a well equipped mine with competent management a complete set of hydraulic section may attain an annual production rate of: 600,000 tons/year in gently pitching, thick seam 450,000 tons/year in gently pitching, moderately thick seam 250,000 tons/year in steeply pitching, thin seam The average productivity per manshift is 10 to 14 tons for an efficient mine and the overall average is 8 tons for hydraulic mining3 as compared to less than 2 tons for the conventional mining. 281
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
Page 236 and 237: flame torch to cut this block, redu
Page 238 and 239: the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
Page 240 and 241: Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
Page 242 and 243: JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
Page 244 and 245: The hydraulic drive of the haulage
Page 246 and 247: The surface trials had have the obj
Page 248 and 249: Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
Page 250 and 251: Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
Page 252 and 253: SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
Page 254 and 255: Development of High Pressure_Techno
Page 256 and 257: configurations, the design of an op
Page 258 and 259: and public sectors. After a haitus
Page 260 and 261: Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
Page 262 and 263: Figure 5. Technological achievement
Page 264 and 265: Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
Page 266 and 267: already been, or is being applied w
Page 268 and 269: Using the requirements profile and
Page 270 and 271: ant hose combination, a guiding sys
Page 272 and 273: HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
Page 274 and 275: SAFETY All operations were carried
Page 276 and 277: TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
Page 278 and 279: Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
Page 280 and 281: SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
Page 282 and 283: do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
Page 284 and 285: Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
Page 288 and 289: HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
Page 290 and 291: Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
Page 292 and 293: INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
Page 294 and 295: The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
Page 296 and 297: By the end of 1982, a total of more
Page 298 and 299: Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
Page 300 and 301: Figure 10. An operating performance
Page 302 and 303: for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
Page 304 and 305: the particles, while at slower spee
Page 306 and 307: to break away the remaining segment
Page 308 and 309: Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
Page 310 and 311: NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
Page 312 and 313: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
Page 314 and 315: hydraulic power required to cut thr
Page 316 and 317: pressure was varied from 103 to 310
Page 318 and 319: 2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
Page 320 and 321: Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
Page 322 and 323: Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
Page 324 and 325: JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
Page 326 and 327: Bottom notch diameter was determine
Page 328 and 329: σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
Page 330 and 331: Figure 3. Final block displacement.
Page 332 and 333: Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
Page 334 and 335: THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
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use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
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supply line. It was determined that
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The rotating head requires major mo
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Figure 4. System field test set-up
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Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
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MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
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Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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due to wear. Although actual operat
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from this new technology. Table 2 l
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Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
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a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
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DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
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CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
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slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
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DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
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materials. The flexibility in nozzl
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pressure can be wiped out if diffic
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9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
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Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
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Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
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ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
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sudden changes in the feed rate eff
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or the abrasive must be manually to
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clog; there not being sufficient ar
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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
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Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
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Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
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Other criteria to be considered in
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3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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