WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

More documents

Recommendations

Info

shaken just before use. SUPERWATER has been used successfully at temperatures from -15°F (Massachusetts) to 100°F (Utah). 2. REDUCTION OF METAL EROSION A concern that polymerblasting might increase erosion of metal parts was allayed when it was determined experimentally that, in fact, erosion was reduced. In the summary to a Materials Laboratory Richmond report (26) the following points (quoted verbatim) were made. "The influence of SUPERWATER additions on metal erosion was studied in an experiment conducted on carbon steel heat exchanger tubes by the Richmond Refinery Chemical Cleaning Specialist. SUPERWATER additive was found to increase the incubation period for erosion by a factor of nine over plain waterblasting. This incubation period is the length of time that a metal surface can be directly exposed to the water jet without significant removal of metal. In addition, the initial surface metal erosion rate using a SUPER-WATER solution was found to be half of that for plain waterblasting." "We expect the addition of 3000 ppm SUPER-WATER polymer to hydroblast water will minimize erosive removal of metal surfaces and reduce the chance of damage to items being cleaned." 3. INJECTION SYSTEMS The use of an appropriate system for injecting SUPER-WATER into the waterblast stream is critical to ensure optimum performance. Berkeley Chemical Research Inc. recommends injection systems specifically designed to proportionally meter SUPER-WATER at the optimum concentration of 0.3%. The polymer upon injection undergoes emulsion breaking and then hydration as discussed above. Because this hydration is not instantaneous and takes 2 to 3 minutes to complete the polymer must always be injected ahead of the holding tank fitted to most high pressure waterblasting pumps. 4. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS The usual safety precautions employed during hydroblasting are appropriate for polymerblasting: see the OSHA Material Safety Data Sheet for SUPER-WATER . It should be noted the dilution of properties, apart from the flow characteristics, approach that of water. Neither polyacrylic acid nor polyacrylamide, or combinations, are listed in the so-called EPA Consent Decree (27) and neither are they included in the list of chemicals described as being carcinogenic in the December 1981 Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (28). At the Chevron U.S.A. Richmond Refinery it has been found that SUPER-WATER , which is biodegradeable, does not foul the oxidation ponds (29). SUMMARY A description has been given of polymerblasting using SUPER-WATER concentrated industrial water blasting additive. The theory of enhanced efficiency and wide range of applications have been discussed. Also given were appropriate storage conditions, methods for mixing prior to use and the method of introducing the additive into high pressure waterblasting systems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Prof. Jack W. Hoyt (San Diego State University, California), Dr. Douglas A. McCombs (Western Industrial, Inter-mountain Division, Salt Lake City, Utah), Prof. David A Summers (University 485
of Missouri-Rolla), and Mr. Casper W. Zublin (Zublin and Company, Bakersfield, California) who were kind enough to review this paper and make valuable comments and suggestions. REFERENCES 1. Hoyt, J.W. "Turbulent Flow of Drag-Reducing Suspensions," U.S. Naval Undersea R & D Center Report, NUC TP 299, July 1972. 2. Savins, J.G., "Drag Reduction Characteristics of Solutions of Macromolecules in Turbulent Pipe Flow," Petrol. Engrs., 4, 3, pp 203-13. 3. Hele-Shaw, H.S., Trans. Inst. Nav. Architects, 39, pp 145-46 (1987). 4. White, A. and Hemmings, J.A.G., "Drag Reduction by Additives," Review and Bibliography, BHRA Fluid Engineering, 1976. 5. Private communications with Professor J.W. Hoyt. 6. New Scientist (Number 380), February 1964. 7. Chemical Engineering, August 1, 1966. 8. Fire Engineering, September 1969. 9. Gadd, G.E., Nature, 212 (No. 5065) 874-877, November 1966. 10. Summers, D.A., May 1968, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds, Department of Applied Mineral Sciences. 11. Kudin, A.M., Barenblatt, G.I., Kalashnikov, V N , Vlasov, S.A., Belokon, V.S., Nature, Vol. 245, 95, 1973. 12. The Exchanger is published to provide information for the hydrocarbon processing industry by the National Petroleum Refiners Association, Suite 802, 1725 Desales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 13. 1982 National Petroleum Refiners Association Refinery and Petrochemical Plant Maintenance Conference: New Orleans, Louisianna. 14. Proceedings of the 1982 National Petroleum Refiners Association Conference, page 99. 15. Brochure on SUPER-WATER concentrated industrial water blasting additive published by Berkeley Chemical Research Inc., P.O. Box 9264, Berkeley, California 94709. 16. Summers, D.A. and Zakin, J.L., Nature Vol. 245, 1973, "Impact Erosion by Jets of Dilute Polymer Solutions." 17. Clark, G.B., et al. Annual Report on Contract DACA-45-69-C-0087, University of Missouri-Rolla, 1971. 18. Brennan, R.L. and Jennings, R.R., Div. Polys. Chem., Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 22 (2), 1981. 19. Herr, J.W and Routson, W.G., "Polymer Structure and its Relationship to the Dilute Solution Properties of High Molecular Weight Polyacrylamide," Paper Number SPE 5098, 49th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Houston, Texas, Oct. 6-9, 1974. 20. Majumdar, S., Holay, S.H., and Singh, R.P. European Polymer Journal, 16, 1201. 21. Chemical Week, May 24, 1969. 22. Maijgren, B. Paper presented at EUROMECH 82, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, August 27-30, 1974. 23. Van der Meulen, J.H.J., 1976 Proc. Conf. on Cavitation (London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers) pp 17-25. 24. Hoyt, J.W., Volume 98, Journal of Fluids Engineering, pp 1-7, 1976 25. Private communication with Professor M.C. Williams. 486
Page 1 and 2:
Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
Page 3 and 4:
Visualization of the Central Core o
Page 5 and 6:
A Status Report on the Conceptual D
Page 7 and 8:
SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
Page 9 and 10:
Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
Page 11 and 12:
frictional and piping component rel
Page 13 and 14:
R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
Page 15 and 16:
attenuation of the output. The tran
Page 17 and 18:
Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 9. Modulation response for s
Page 23 and 24:
can be used for any form of input.
Page 25 and 26:
with a cylindrical shape to the jet
Page 27 and 28:
m/s. The range of power found from
Page 29 and 30:
Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
Page 34 and 35:
NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
Page 36 and 37:
modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
Page 38 and 39:
DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
Page 40 and 41:
This process serves to protect the
Page 42 and 43:
For test purposes, these concrete b
Page 44 and 45:
REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
Page 46 and 47:
FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
Page 48 and 49:
FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
Page 50 and 51:
NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
Page 52 and 53:
THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
Page 54 and 55:
The reflected wave is thus also cyl
Page 56 and 57:
neglected. The introduction of a co
Page 58 and 59:
DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
Page 60 and 61:
H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
Page 62 and 63:
Required streamline curvature at th
Page 64 and 65:
2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
Page 66 and 67:
eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
Page 68 and 69:
approximation to the actual flow si
Page 70 and 71:
skin friction coefficient but are c
Page 72 and 73:
where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
Page 74 and 75:
effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
Page 76 and 77:
TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
Page 78 and 79:
TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
Page 80 and 81:
expanding rather than contracting a
Page 82 and 83:
25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
Page 92 and 93:
Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
Page 96 and 97:
VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
Page 98 and 99:
DISCUSSION Although employing the i
Page 100 and 101:
5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
Page 104 and 105:
NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
Page 106 and 107:
INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
Page 108 and 109:
y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
Page 110 and 111:
Using equation (15), the value of X
Page 112 and 113:
Thus about the first 10% of the dri
Page 114 and 115:
Many design cases, including those
Page 116 and 117:
surface spall occurred, resulting i
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
Page 122 and 123:
Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
Page 126 and 127:
DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
Page 128 and 129:
material which are, in turn, affect
Page 130 and 131:
the water jet. This method was not
Page 132 and 133:
where h is the depth of penetration
Page 134 and 135:
obtained during this phase of the i
Page 136 and 137:
observed that the smallest depth of
Page 138 and 139:
Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
Page 142 and 143:
DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
Page 144 and 145:
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
Page 146 and 147:
The injection pressure can be contr
Page 148 and 149:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
Page 152 and 153:
Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
Page 154 and 155:
THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
Page 156 and 157:
HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
Page 158 and 159:
Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
Page 160 and 161:
horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
Page 164 and 165:
DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
Page 166 and 167:
causing chain breakages and the scr
Page 168 and 169:
was encountered, then the rotation
Page 170 and 171:
(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
Page 172 and 173:
Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
Page 174 and 175:
OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
Page 176 and 177:
PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
Page 178 and 179:
power output. Undersized nozzles re
Page 180 and 181:
Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
Page 184 and 185:
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
Page 186 and 187:
pressure can be lowered to perhaps
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
Page 190 and 191:
DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
Page 192 and 193:
where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
Page 194 and 195:
Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
Page 196 and 197:
REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
Page 198 and 199:
Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
Page 200 and 201:
ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
Page 202 and 203:
complexity and short component life
Page 204 and 205:
Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
Page 206 and 207:
Decontamination Methods for rapidly
Page 208 and 209:
a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
Page 212 and 213:
DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
Page 214 and 215:
DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
Page 216 and 217:
pile could not be judged as represe
Page 218 and 219:
DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
Page 220 and 221:
HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
Page 222 and 223:
The monitor was fed pressurized wat
Page 224 and 225:
The IH rig was considered to be sup
Page 226 and 227:
REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
Page 228 and 229:
Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
Page 232 and 233:
Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
Page 234 and 235:
USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
Page 236 and 237:
flame torch to cut this block, redu
Page 238 and 239:
the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
Page 242 and 243:
JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
Page 244 and 245:
The hydraulic drive of the haulage
Page 246 and 247:
The surface trials had have the obj
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
Page 250 and 251:
Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
Page 252 and 253:
SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
Page 254 and 255:
Development of High Pressure_Techno
Page 256 and 257:
configurations, the design of an op
Page 258 and 259:
and public sectors. After a haitus
Page 260 and 261:
Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 5. Technological achievement
Page 264 and 265:
Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
Page 266 and 267:
already been, or is being applied w
Page 268 and 269:
Using the requirements profile and
Page 270 and 271:
ant hose combination, a guiding sys
Page 272 and 273:
HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
Page 274 and 275:
SAFETY All operations were carried
Page 276 and 277:
TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
Page 278 and 279:
Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
Page 280 and 281:
SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
Page 282 and 283:
do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
Page 284 and 285:
Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
Page 288 and 289:
HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
Page 290 and 291:
Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
Page 292 and 293:
INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
Page 294 and 295:
The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
Page 296 and 297:
By the end of 1982, a total of more
Page 298 and 299:
Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
Page 300 and 301:
Figure 10. An operating performance
Page 302 and 303:
for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
Page 304 and 305:
the particles, while at slower spee
Page 306 and 307:
to break away the remaining segment
Page 308 and 309:
Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
Page 310 and 311:
NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
Page 312 and 313:
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
Page 314 and 315:
hydraulic power required to cut thr
Page 316 and 317:
pressure was varied from 103 to 310
Page 318 and 319:
2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
Page 320 and 321:
Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
Page 322 and 323:
Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
Page 324 and 325:
JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
Page 326 and 327:
Bottom notch diameter was determine
Page 328 and 329:
σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
Page 330 and 331:
Figure 3. Final block displacement.
Page 332 and 333:
Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
Page 334 and 335:
THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
Page 336 and 337:
use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
Page 338 and 339:
supply line. It was determined that
Page 340 and 341:
The rotating head requires major mo
Page 342 and 343:
Figure 4. System field test set-up
Page 344 and 345:
Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
Page 346 and 347:
MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
Page 348 and 349:
Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
Page 350 and 351:
mode also contributes to chip flush
Page 352 and 353:
NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
Page 354 and 355:
ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
Page 356 and 357:
Various designs and applications ar
Page 358 and 359:
Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
Page 360 and 361:
Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
Page 362 and 363:
Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
Page 364 and 365:
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
Page 366 and 367:
The hydraulic system for the thrust
Page 368 and 369:
Results of Trial Tests As part of m
Page 370 and 371:
cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
Page 372 and 373:
Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
Page 374 and 375:
Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
Page 376 and 377:
nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
Page 378 and 379:
2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
Page 380 and 381:
energy it effects an increase in me
Page 382 and 383:
Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
Page 384 and 385:
Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
Page 386 and 387:
Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
Page 388 and 389:
SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
Page 390 and 391:
out thoroughly an efficient scheme
Page 392 and 393:
Research analysis has proved that t
Page 394 and 395:
DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
Page 396 and 397:
The experiments have shown how the
Page 398 and 399:
K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
Page 400 and 401:
Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
Page 402 and 403:
Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
Page 406 and 407:
Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
Page 408 and 409:
NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
Page 410 and 411:
presented. This study, of course, i
Page 412 and 413:
identifying a general trend for the
Page 414 and 415:
Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
Page 416 and 417:
In some situations, especially in c
Page 418 and 419:
Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
Page 420 and 421:
Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
Page 422 and 423:
Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
Page 424 and 425:
CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
Page 426 and 427:
3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
Page 428 and 429:
Because of the large number of infl
Page 430 and 431:
due to wear. Although actual operat
Page 432 and 433:
from this new technology. Table 2 l
Page 434 and 435:
Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
Page 438 and 439:
a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
Page 440 and 441:
a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
Page 442 and 443: DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
Page 444 and 445: CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
Page 446 and 447: slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
Page 448 and 449: DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
Page 450 and 451: materials. The flexibility in nozzl
Page 452 and 453: pressure can be wiped out if diffic
Page 454 and 455: 9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
Page 456 and 457: Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
Page 458 and 459: Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
Page 460 and 461: Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
Page 462 and 463: ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
Page 464 and 465: sudden changes in the feed rate eff
Page 466 and 467: or the abrasive must be manually to
Page 468 and 469: clog; there not being sufficient ar
Page 470 and 471: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
Page 472 and 473: Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
Page 474 and 475: Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
Page 476 and 477: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
Page 478 and 479: Other criteria to be considered in
Page 480 and 481: 3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
Page 482 and 483: contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
Page 484 and 485: Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
Page 486 and 487: Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
Page 488 and 489: ackground to the subsequent coopera
Page 490 and 491: The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
Page 494: 26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
show all

WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?