WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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to break away the remaining segment. 1 Specific rates noted in the literature and the major technical issues/remarks are listed in Table 3. Reported rates of cut/repair using this procedure vary considerably. The extent of future interest in this method of repair will hinge directly on the success or failure of the repairs/tests under study when subjected to actual expected loads. Other Methods. Lasers cut materials by melting or immediately vaporizing the material. Currently, a slow cutting rate, shallow cutting capability, large immobile size, inaccuracy of alignment, and a lack of remote cutting application limit the laser's potential (Kubo et al., 1981). Other electrical methods fare no better. The use of chemicals for cutting concrete at the desired rate for military planning is beyond the current state of technology and would require an extensive research and development program. Thermal Devices. The powder torch, the thermal lance, and the powder lance all consume large amounts of fuel and produce some damage to the face of the remaining concrete to an unspecified depth, and are best used to burn numerous holes in the concrete with the section finally broken away (Kubo et al., 1981). In addition, the rate of cut is slow and vast quantities of smoke are produced; similarly, the fuel oil and compressed air method (Fay, 1971) uses a lot of fuel, causes the rock to. spall, and produces an undetermined amount of damage to the remaining concrete (Stanley, 1980). Specific rates noted in the literature and the major technical issues/remarks are listed in Table 4. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Results. As a result of this review, exposure rates are observed to vary from 1.25 sq ft/hour (laser cut) to 375 sq ft/hour (water jet with ahrasives). Most of the reported rates are the best values obtained from laboratory studies. In some cases these rates involve shallow cuts of 1 in.; in other cases the concrete specimen was passed under the cutting device. This is not meant to cast doubt on the validity of laboratory cases, but simply to point out the large technological gap between the reported laboratory cutting rates and the commercial cutting rates of today (and the desired exposure rate of 400 sq ft/hour). Further, practically all tabulated values lack verification. After reviewing the referenced literature, it appears the most reliable method of making long cuts of 12-in.thick concrete is with the concrete saw. The saw equipment is commercially available and the average exposure rate varies from 50 to 70 sq ft/ hour. Conclusions. The concrete saw with diamond blade is the best method currently available with a demonstrated capability of cutting large amounts of concrete. Further, commercial units are available today . 1 Brabston W.N. 1982, personal communication with Mr Van Orman Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. 300
Commercial equipment capable of cutting 400 lin ft of 12-in.-thick concrete in 1 hour is not currently available, nor does there appear to be an imminent breakthrough available in the foreseeable future. Impact devices, thermal methods, and chemicals appear to hold little promise as potential concrete cutters for future programs. Recommendations. Research and development must and should continue, preferably at an accelerated rate, to exploit the most promising methods listed below: 1. Diamond-blade saw with more horsepower for a single pass and with multiple blades arranged in a train formation of some type 2. Multiple water jet with abrasives 3. Water jet with mechanical pick 4. Water wedge 5. Carbide-tipped saw with impactor Large expanses of unjointed concrete pavements should be scored initially in some predetermined pattern to improve the ability of cutting crews to cut square patterns. REFERENCES 1. Barron, J. E., and Nichols, E. C., 1973, Working with water: F. A. Hughes & Co., Ltd., Epson, England, Concrete, Vol 7, No. 10, pp 22-24. 2. Fay, R. W., 1971, Field report: Vermeer, Pella, Iowa . 3. Kubo, A. S. et al., 1981, Recommended research development test and evaluation plan for improved concrete cutting: The BDM Corporation, McLean, Va . 4. Mellor, M., 1975, Cutting frozen ground With disc saws: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N. H. 5. Stanley, A., 1980, Newest water well drill--the supersonic flame jet: Water Well Journal, September . 6. Styron, C. R., 1982a, Report of visit to the Colorado School of Mines, CO, and the Fluidyne Corporation, WA. 7. Stryon, C. R., 19R2b, Water wedge used to crack concrete at the WES: U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. 8. Wang, F. D., and Walgamott, J., 1978, Application of water jet assisted pick cutter for rock fragmentation: Fourth International Symposium on Jet Cutting <strong>Technology</strong>, Cranfield, England. 301
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
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Visualization of the Central Core o
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A Status Report on the Conceptual D
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SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
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Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
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frictional and piping component rel
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R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
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attenuation of the output. The tran
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Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
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Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
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Figure 9. Modulation response for s
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can be used for any form of input.
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with a cylindrical shape to the jet
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m/s. The range of power found from
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Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
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Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
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NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
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modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
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DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
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This process serves to protect the
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For test purposes, these concrete b
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REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
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FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
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FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
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NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
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THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
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The reflected wave is thus also cyl
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neglected. The introduction of a co
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DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
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H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
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Required streamline curvature at th
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2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
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eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
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approximation to the actual flow si
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skin friction coefficient but are c
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where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
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effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
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TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
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TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
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expanding rather than contracting a
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25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
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Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
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Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
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Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
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Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
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Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
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Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
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VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
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DISCUSSION Although employing the i
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5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
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Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
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Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
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SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
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Development of High Pressure_Techno
Page 256 and 257: configurations, the design of an op
Page 258 and 259: and public sectors. After a haitus
Page 260 and 261: Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
Page 262 and 263: Figure 5. Technological achievement
Page 264 and 265: Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
Page 266 and 267: already been, or is being applied w
Page 268 and 269: Using the requirements profile and
Page 270 and 271: ant hose combination, a guiding sys
Page 272 and 273: HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
Page 274 and 275: SAFETY All operations were carried
Page 276 and 277: TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
Page 278 and 279: Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
Page 280 and 281: SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
Page 282 and 283: do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
Page 284 and 285: Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
Page 286 and 287: Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
Page 288 and 289: HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
Page 290 and 291: Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
Page 292 and 293: INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
Page 294 and 295: The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
Page 296 and 297: By the end of 1982, a total of more
Page 298 and 299: Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
Page 300 and 301: Figure 10. An operating performance
Page 302 and 303: for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
Page 304 and 305: the particles, while at slower spee
Page 308 and 309: Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
Page 310 and 311: NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
Page 312 and 313: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
Page 314 and 315: hydraulic power required to cut thr
Page 316 and 317: pressure was varied from 103 to 310
Page 318 and 319: 2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
Page 320 and 321: Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
Page 322 and 323: Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
Page 324 and 325: JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
Page 326 and 327: Bottom notch diameter was determine
Page 328 and 329: σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
Page 330 and 331: Figure 3. Final block displacement.
Page 332 and 333: Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
Page 334 and 335: THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
Page 336 and 337: use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
Page 338 and 339: supply line. It was determined that
Page 340 and 341: The rotating head requires major mo
Page 342 and 343: Figure 4. System field test set-up
Page 344 and 345: Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
Page 346 and 347: MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
Page 348 and 349: Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
Page 350 and 351: mode also contributes to chip flush
Page 352 and 353: NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
Page 354 and 355: ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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due to wear. Although actual operat
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from this new technology. Table 2 l
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Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
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a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
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DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
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CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
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slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
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DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
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materials. The flexibility in nozzl
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pressure can be wiped out if diffic
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9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
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Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
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Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
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ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
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sudden changes in the feed rate eff
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or the abrasive must be manually to
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clog; there not being sufficient ar
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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
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Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
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Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
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Other criteria to be considered in
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3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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