WATER JET CONFERENCE - Waterjet Technology Association

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The reflected wave is thus also cylindrical and converges towards the focus where the converging channel is. When the shock wave passes through this channel its direction of travel is turned 90 degrees and it is converted into a plane shock wave. EXPERIMENTS Optical studies of the shock wave motion in the cavity in the absence of a converging channel have been conducted. This was made possible by using side plates made of glass whereby photographs could be taken with the use of a Schlieren system. One glass plate was permanently attached to the center plate, and the other was squeezed tight in between the center plate and a cover plate. The latter two, which were made of steel, were held together by bolts along their edges. To prevent leaks, the removable glass plate was sealed with a silicone rubber gasket. The center plate and the cover plate both had elliptical holes with lengths of the major and the minor axes of 150 mm and 120 mm respectively. The thicknesses of the center plate and the glass plates were respectively 20 mm and 10 mm. To avoid the problems associated with holes in the glass plates, the electrodes were mounted in brass holders which were cemented onto the inside of the glass plates at one focus. The electric wires were led out of the cavity through grooves in the center plate. This arrangement made it necessary to adjust the distance between the electrodes before mounting the removable glass plate. The electric circuit for the experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. CIRCUIT FOR THE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE. The discharge energy was supplied by an 8kV constant DC source charging a 0.6 μF capacitor, to which the electrodes in series with an air spark gap were connected. Both pairs of electrodes, in liquid and air, were cylindrical with a diameter of 2.4 mm and made of tungsten. The air spark gap was necessary in order to get a discharge, and by changing the distance between its electrodes the breakdown voltage could be varied. With the water filled cavity placed in the parallel light section of a Schlieren system, photographs of the wave motion were taken. The light source was a Fischer- Nanolite, coupled to a delay unit which was triggered by the air spark gap. By changing the delay time between the discharge and the light flash the waves could be photographed at different positions ir the cavity. The recordings were made in a dark room with a Hasselblad 500 EL/M camera, equipped with a 500 mm lens with open shutter, To suppress as much disturbing light from the liquid spark gap as possible, the parts of the glass plates that covered the electrodes were painted black on the inside. 48
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A series of photographs of th econvergence porcess, taken at different times after discharge, is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. WAVE PATTERN IN THE ELLIPSE. EACH PICTURE IS FROM A DIFFERENT EXPERIMENT, AND THE NUMBERS INDICATE TIME IN MICROSECONDS AFTER DISCHARGE. The spark gap in the air was 3 mm, and the liquid spark gap was < 1 mm. The latter distance was difficult to measure exactly since it depended on how strongly the removable glass plate was pressed against the center plate. Practical considerations required flat ended electrodes. Electrodes with conical ends eroded very rapidly, which made it necessary to open the cavity after only a few discharges to adjust the distance between them. No differences between the wave patterns produced by the two different types of electrodes could be detected. The photographs reveal a complex pattern of waves. The pattern was very repeatable. The almost circularsymmetric wave front is the leading wave from the discharge. In the photograph taken at 82 μs after discharge its reflection from the cavity wall is just completed. It converges to zero radius in 100 μs, which shows that it moves with a speed of 1500 m/s and hence is approximately acoustic. The slight disturbance at its bottom is caused by the electrodes and their wires. Inside it is a lens-shaped wave which is a Mach wave originating at the wall, caused by the difference in sound speed between steel and water. The almost equally spaced waves behind it are the reflections of the leading wave from the glass side plates. These are present because the distance between the electrodes was smaller than the distance between the side plates, as explained earlier. Behind the circular wave are also many other waves of apparently irregular shape, of which some are Mach waves from the reflections in the side plates, and some probably produced by oscillations of the compression ring that surrounds the electrodes for some time after discharge (Frungel, 1980). For the objective in question, namely to produce one coherent wave, only the leading circular wave is desirable. The reflected waves from the side plates and the disturbance to the leading wave can be eliminated by a suitable design of the electrodes as mentioned earlier. The Mach waves and the waves from the compression ring are more difficult to suppress but can, however, in view of their relative weakness probably be 49
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Proceedings of the Second U.S. WATE
Page 3 and 4: Visualization of the Central Core o
Page 5 and 6: A Status Report on the Conceptual D
Page 7 and 8: SESSION 7 - CIVIL & INDUSTRIAL Chai
Page 9 and 10: Cutting Hard Rock With Abrasive-Ent
Page 11 and 12: frictional and piping component rel
Page 13 and 14: R = a1 ⋅ A1 A2 a2 I = 2H o Q o
Page 15 and 16: attenuation of the output. The tran
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1. Branch System Modulator F
Page 19 and 20: Figure 5. Modulation Response for B
Page 21 and 22: Figure 9. Modulation response for s
Page 23 and 24: can be used for any form of input.
Page 25 and 26: with a cylindrical shape to the jet
Page 27 and 28: m/s. The range of power found from
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3. Power vs nozzle diameter
Page 31 and 32: Figure 5. Frequency vs length of th
Page 34 and 35: NAME: Gerald Zink COMPANY: StoneAge
Page 36 and 37: modulatornozzle assembly. The ordin
Page 38 and 39: DISCUSSION OF FLUID MECHANICS The i
Page 40 and 41: This process serves to protect the
Page 42 and 43: For test purposes, these concrete b
Page 44 and 45: REFERENCES CITED 1. Barker, C. R.,
Page 46 and 47: FIGURE 4. INNER CORE OF PERCUSSIVE
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 9. EXAMPLE OF HIGH-PRESSURE
Page 50 and 51: NAME: John E. Wolgamott COMPANY: St
Page 52 and 53: THE FOCUSED SHOCK TECHNlQUE FORPROD
Page 56 and 57: neglected. The introduction of a co
Page 58 and 59: DISCUSSION NAME: George Savanick CO
Page 60 and 61: H’ mean shape factor Hj theoretic
Page 62 and 63: Required streamline curvature at th
Page 64 and 65: 2 x 2 ≅ ( e − 2 p + w)/k2 (2-8)
Page 66 and 67: eliminating 2 n r 2 from equations
Page 68 and 69: approximation to the actual flow si
Page 70 and 71: skin friction coefficient but are c
Page 72 and 73: where: (H) = A1H 3 + A2H 2 + A3H +
Page 74 and 75: effect (< 0.5%) on coefficients of
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 5 Rei x 10 5 β 3 4 5 6 Po Po
Page 78 and 79: TABLE 6 D(mm) d o(mm) L t(mm) L f(m
Page 80 and 81: expanding rather than contracting a
Page 82 and 83: 25. Weber, H.E., 1978, Boundary lay
Page 84 and 85: Figure 5. Wall velocity distributio
Page 86 and 87: Figure 9. Effect of nozzle design o
Page 88 and 89: Figure 12. CA+T Design Philosophy.
Page 90 and 91: Figure 16. Effect of inlet b 1 cond
Page 92 and 93: Figure 20. Relaminarization at nozz
Page 94 and 95: Figure 24. Pressure decay data. 88
Page 96 and 97: VISUALIZATION OF THE CENTRAL CORE O
Page 98 and 99: DISCUSSION Although employing the i
Page 100 and 101: 5. Lambert, J. H., 1760, Photometri
Page 102 and 103: Figure 6. Spectral sensitivity curv
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NAME: W.C. Cooley COMPANY: Terraspa
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INTRODUCTION Pulsed liquid jets sho
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y=X ∨ P A dy = p p A p 2 (L c y=0
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Using equation (15), the value of X
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Thus about the first 10% of the dri
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Many design cases, including those
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surface spall occurred, resulting i
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Figure 3. Chamber pressure at pisto
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Figure 7. Effect of nozzle area rat
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Figure 11. Extrusion device schemat
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Figure 15. Typical chamber pressure
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DISCUSSION NAME: W. C. Cooley COMPA
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material which are, in turn, affect
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the water jet. This method was not
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where h is the depth of penetration
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obtained during this phase of the i
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observed that the smallest depth of
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Figure 2. Idealized Relationships b
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Figure 6. Penetration as a Function
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DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE DELIVERY TR
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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE P
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The injection pressure can be contr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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Figure 4. Theoretical required powe
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Figure 9. Variation of efficiency w
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THE "SKIPJACK" SEWER CLEANING NOZZL
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HYDRO-BLASTING SAFETY C.W. Adaway,
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Remember, your Hydro-Blasting work
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horizontal, sometimes vertical, and
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Figure 2. Safety Gear Figure 3. Tub
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CLEANING COKE OVEN
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causing chain breakages and the scr
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was encountered, then the rotation
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(C) Capital Expenditure: Material i
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Figure 9. Swivel coupling Figure 10
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OPTIMIZING JET CUTTING POWER FOR TU
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PRESSURE DROP (psi) ELEMENT Cv @10
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power output. Undersized nozzles re
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Subscripts n - Nozzle p - Pump t -
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Figure 1. Cutting effect as a funct
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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMPARISON OF
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pressure can be lowered to perhaps
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Figure 2: Fan jet issuing from a no
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DISCUSSION NAME: John Griffiths COM
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where Q = Flow rate - gpm D = Jet O
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Again, not limited to Newtonian flu
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REFERENCES 1. Brown, R.W. and Loper
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Table 2. Jet Cleaning Speeds and ot
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ANSWER: The utilization of the stat
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complexity and short component life
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Figure 4, for ap values ranging fro
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Decontamination Methods for rapidly
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a. “PULSER” b.”ORGAN-PIPE”
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Figure 5 - Removal rate for various
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DISCUSSION NAME: David A. Summers C
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DRILLING BORE HOLES IN COAL MINES U
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pile could not be judged as represe
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DISCUSSION NAME: David Summers COMP
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HYDRAULIC MINING EXPERIMENTS IN AN
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The monitor was fed pressurized wat
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The IH rig was considered to be sup
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REFERENCES 1. Okhrimenki, V. A., A.
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Figure 2. Jet cutting sandstone at
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Figure 5. Schematic plan view of In
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Figure 7. Suction Box. 226
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USE OF HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETS FOR
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flame torch to cut this block, redu
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the order of 360 rpm. Under these c
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Figure 3. Slot cut by jet at 11 o s
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JET-MINER SURFACE AND IN-SEAM TRIAL
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The hydraulic drive of the haulage
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The surface trials had have the obj
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Figure 2. Experimental version. Fig
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Figure. 7 Jet-Miner prototype Figur
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SOME PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFE
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Development of High Pressure_Techno
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configurations, the design of an op
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and public sectors. After a haitus
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Souder, W.E. and Evans, R.J., "The
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Figure 5. Technological achievement
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Table 3. Perceived disadvantages of
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already been, or is being applied w
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Using the requirements profile and
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ant hose combination, a guiding sys
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HYDRAULIC MINING TESTS Site selecti
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SAFETY All operations were carried
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TABLE V. Categories of Jet Mining D
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Figure 2. Generalized geologic prof
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SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION WITH WATER
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do possess a maximum point (Fig. 8)
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Figure 4. Rossin-Rammler plot. Figu
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Figure 8. Non-dimensional plot for
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HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM Typica
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Figure 4. (From ref. 1) DISCUSSION
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INTRODUCTION Developing an unique t
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The coefficients "b " in Eq. (1) ca
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By the end of 1982, a total of more
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Figure 4. Cutting ability of swing-
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Figure 10. An operating performance
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for an abrasive, the abrasive parti
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the particles, while at slower spee
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to break away the remaining segment
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Table 1. Concrete saw technology. T
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NAME: Tom Brunsing COMPANY: Foster-
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FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CUTTING SOME M
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hydraulic power required to cut thr
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pressure was varied from 103 to 310
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2.1 Heading and gutting fresh cod f
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Figure 5. The cuts surface of a blo
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Figure 17. Cuts made across the cla
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JET NOTCHING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTI
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Bottom notch diameter was determine
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σ H = in-situ stress in the horizo
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Figure 3. Final block displacement.
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Figure 8. Comparison of Slurry Pump
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THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDER
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use taps or hydrants. To achieve th
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supply line. It was determined that
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The rotating head requires major mo
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Figure 4. System field test set-up
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Figure 10. Bentonite drilled clay s
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MECHANICAL TOOLS Cutting Tool Energ
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Ψ = cos −1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪
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mode also contributes to chip flush
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NAME: Simon Johnson COMPANY: Newcas
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ROLLER TOOLS COMBINED WITH HIGH-PRE
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Various designs and applications ar
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Figure 1. Full-face tunneling machi
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Figure 11. roadway profile cutting
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Figure 19. High-pressure water jet
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DESIGN AND OPERATION OF TWO LARGE-S
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The hydraulic system for the thrust
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Results of Trial Tests As part of m
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cutting rates, degree of bit wear,
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Overall approximate Weight: Basic M
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Figure 5. 3 ft. diameter laboratory
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nozzle diameter and cutting speed w
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2. Cutting Speed The influence of c
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energy it effects an increase in me
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Tip angle (degrees) 87 Off-set angl
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Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7 Figure
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Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Fi
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SCHEMES OF COAL MASSIF BREAKAGE BY
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out thoroughly an efficient scheme
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Research analysis has proved that t
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DEPENDENCE OF POWER INDICES OF COMB
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The experiments have shown how the
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K Ay = coefficient correcting for f
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Figure 1. Schemes of combined break
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Figure 5. Dependence of specific en
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Figure 12. Percentage of grade R -6
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Figure 1. Particle size analysis. T
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NAME: Dr. Henkel COMPANY: Bergbau-F
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presented. This study, of course, i
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identifying a general trend for the
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Effect of Abrasive Hardness, Shape
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In some situations, especially in c
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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Figure 8. Effect of standoff distan
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Figure 13. Abrasive waterjet cuts i
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CUTTING WITH ABRASIVE WATERJETS M.
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3.3 Abrasive Feed Systems For abras
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Because of the large number of infl
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due to wear. Although actual operat
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from this new technology. Table 2 l
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Table 1. materials cut by abrasive
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Figure 1. Abrasive waterjet nozzles
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a) kerfs in mild steel b) S.S. 15.5
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a) circle cutting in glass b) lamin
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DISCUSSION NAME: Andrew F. Conn COM
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CUTTING HARD ROCK WITH ABRASIVE-ENT
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slurry nozzle. Testing at water pre
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DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS Jet Conf
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materials. The flexibility in nozzl
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pressure can be wiped out if diffic
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9. Maurer, W.C., and Heilheckler, J
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Figure 5. Effect of abrasive feed r
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Figure 9. Accumulated depth of mult
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Figure 13. Close-up view of quartzi
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ABRASIVE INJECTION USAGE IN THE UNI
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sudden changes in the feed rate eff
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or the abrasive must be manually to
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clog; there not being sufficient ar
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CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE USE OF ABR
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Figure 5. Water abrasive cleaning h
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Figure 15. 360 0 abrasive pipe clea
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER JE
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Other criteria to be considered in
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3 MANUAL METHODS OF JET CLEANING &
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contractor with old, unsafe, equipm
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Figure 1. Showing the increased cos
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Figure 8. Automatic tube bundle cle
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ackground to the subsequent coopera
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The molecules of SUPER-WATER posses
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shaken just before use. SUPERWATER
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26. Bednarz, L.P., "Effects of Poly
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