Jefe <strong>de</strong> Línea / Group Lea<strong>de</strong>r: Magdalena Ugarte Bases moleculares <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias Molecular basis of inherited metabolic diseases E16 CBM 2005/2006 144 Personal Científico / Scientific Staff: Lour<strong>de</strong>s R. Desviat Belén Pérez Celia Pérez-Cerda Begoña Merinero Pilar Rodríguez-Pombo María José García Eva María Richard Pedro Ruiz Becarios Predoctorales / Predoctoral Fellows: Cristina Aguado Patricia Alcal<strong>de</strong> Sonia Clavero Ana Jorge Mª Ángeles Martínez Ana Rincón Ana Isabel Técnicos <strong>de</strong> Investigación / Technical Assistance: Margarita Castro María Jesús Ecay Isaac Ferrer Fernando García Fátima Leal Rosa Navarrete Ascensión Sánchez Paloma Sanz María Briones Rosario Carrillo Gema Palmeiro Isabel Reina Julia Gutiérrez Ana Ruiz Eva Saiz Julio Sánchez Regulación <strong>de</strong> la expresión génica Regulation of gene expression Resumen <strong>de</strong> investigación Durante este periodo se han estudiado 3.464 pacientes para diagnóstico bioquímico y/o genético <strong>de</strong> diferentes enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias (EMH), confirmándose un <strong>de</strong>fecto genético en 291 casos. Se ha ampliado el número <strong>de</strong> EMH investigadas implementando nuevas tecnologías bioquímicas y genéticas para el estudio <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>fectos congénitos <strong>de</strong> glicosilación y <strong>de</strong>fectos <strong>de</strong> biosíntesis y transporte <strong>de</strong> creatina cerebral. Se ha completado el espectro mutacional <strong>de</strong> la enfermedad jarabe <strong>de</strong> arce y <strong>de</strong> aci<strong>de</strong>mia metilmalónica aislada. Se han investigado la fisiopatología celular <strong>de</strong> diferentes EMH y los mecanismos moleculares <strong>de</strong> mutaciones i<strong>de</strong>ntificadas en pacientes como base <strong>de</strong> nuevas aproximaciones terapéuticas individualizadas, <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> lo que se conoce como medicina genómica. En fenilcetonuria (PKU), se ha continuado estudiando las bases moleculares <strong>de</strong> la respuesta in vivo a suplementación con el cofactor tetrahidrobiopterina (BH4), nueva estrategia terapéutica para pacientes PKU. Se ha utilizado un mo<strong>de</strong>lo celular <strong>de</strong> hepatoma para investigar el efecto <strong>de</strong> la BH4 en la expresión génica <strong>de</strong> la fenilalanina hidroxilasa (PAH). Los resultados <strong>de</strong>muestran que la BH4 no regula la transcripción <strong>de</strong>l gen PAH y confirman un efecto estabilizador como chaperona química sobre las proteínas PAH mutantes con <strong>de</strong>fectos estructurales. Otro objetivo ha sido la investigación <strong>de</strong>l patrón transcripcional <strong>de</strong> mutaciones que afectan al procesamiento <strong>de</strong>l mRNA (splicing) en diferentes aci<strong>de</strong>mias orgánicas. Se han i<strong>de</strong>ntificado mutaciones que resultan en diferentes proporciones <strong>de</strong> transcritos correcta e incorrectamente procesados, lo que pue<strong>de</strong> correlacionarse con el fenotipo y que son la base <strong>de</strong> tratamientos farmacológicos y genéticos que modulan el splicing. Por otra parte, mediante la técnica proteómica <strong>de</strong> 2-D DIGE se han i<strong>de</strong>ntificado 10 proteínas mitocondriales <strong>de</strong> expresión diferencial en aci<strong>de</strong>mia metilmalónica, algunas <strong>de</strong> las cuales (citocromo c, succinil-CoA ligasa, MnSOD y mGPDH) pue<strong>de</strong>n jugar un papel importante en la fisiopatología <strong>de</strong> MMA. Figura 1 Figura 2 Figura 1 / Figure 1. Análisis, mediante electroforesis bidimensional, <strong>de</strong>l proteoma sérico <strong>de</strong> un control y <strong>de</strong> un paciente con un <strong>de</strong>fecto <strong>de</strong> glicosilación (CDG tipo Ia) Analysis by 2D-electrophoresis of the serum proteome of a control individual and a patient with a congenital glycosylation <strong>de</strong>fect (CDG type Ia). Figura 2 / Figure 2. Análisis mediante RT-PCR, clonaje y posterior secuenciación <strong>de</strong>l efecto <strong>de</strong> la mutación c.733G>A sobre el correcto procesamiento <strong>de</strong>l mRNA <strong>de</strong>l gen MMAA causante <strong>de</strong> aci<strong>de</strong>mia metilmalónica. Analysis by RT-PCR, cloning and sequencing of the effect of mutation c.733G>A in the MMAA gene on mRNA splicing. Research summary In this period we have analyzed samples from 3464 patients for biochemical and/or genetic diagnosis of different inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), confirming a genetic <strong>de</strong>fect in 291 cases. The number of IEM analyzed has increased with the implementation of new biochemical and genetic methodologies to study congenital glycosilation and brain creatine <strong>de</strong>fects. The mutational spectrum of maple syrup urine disease and isolated methylmalonic aci<strong>de</strong>mia have been elucidated. Our present research aims inclu<strong>de</strong> the investigation of the cellular physiopathology of different IEM and of the molecular mechanisms of the mutations i<strong>de</strong>ntified in patients that serve as basis of novel individual therapies (genomic medicine). In phenylketonuria (PKU) we have continued with the research on the molecular basis of the in vivo response to cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin, BH4) supplementation, a novel therapeutic strategy for PKU patients. Using hepatoma as cellular mo<strong>de</strong>l we have investigated the effect of BH4 on phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene expression. The results discard and effect of BH4 on transcription and confirm a chemical chaperone effect stabilising mutant PAH proteins with folding <strong>de</strong>fects. We are also analysing the transcriptional pattern of mutations affecting premRNA splicing in different organic aci<strong>de</strong>mias. We have i<strong>de</strong>ntified mutations that result in different levels of aberrantly and correctly processed transcripts, which can be correlated with the phenotype and which are the basis of novel pharmacological and genetic therapies aimed at splicing modulation. The comparative analysis of control/methylmalonic aci<strong>de</strong>mia (MMA) patient mitochondrial proteome using 2-D DIGE, has allowed us to i<strong>de</strong>ntify differential expression of 10 proteins. Some of them have a biological significance and might be related to the pathophysiology of MMA, such us cytochrome c, succinyl-CoA ligase, MnSOD and mGPDH. Publicaciones Publications Puisac, B. et al. (2005). Skipping of exon 2 and exons 2 plus 3 of HMG-CoA lyase (HL) gene produces the loss of beta sheets 1 and 2 in the recently proposed (beta-alpha)8 TIM Barrel mo<strong>de</strong>l of HL. Biophysical Chemistry 115(2-3), 241-245. Martínez, M.A.et al. (2005). Genetic analysis of three genes causing isolated methylmalonic aci<strong>de</strong>mia. I<strong>de</strong>ntification of twenty one novel allelic variants. Mol. Genet. Metab. 84(4), 317-325. Rodríguez Pombo, P. et al. (2005). Towards a mo<strong>de</strong>l to explain the intragenic complementation in the heteromultimeric protein propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1740(3), 489-498. Pérez-Cerdá, C. et al. (2005) 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA <strong>de</strong>hydrogenase (MHBD) <strong>de</strong>ficiency: An X-linked inborn error of isoleucine metabolism that mimic a mitochondrial disease. Pediat. Res. 58(3), 488-491. Perez, B. et al.(2005). Kinetic and stability analysis of PKU mutations i<strong>de</strong>ntified in BH4-responsive patients. Mol. Genet. Metab. 86(1), 11-16. Bélanger-Quintana, A.et al. (2005). Spanish BH4-responsive phenylalanine hydroxylase <strong>de</strong>ficient patients: evolution of 7 patients on long-term treatment with tetrahydrobiopterin. Mol. Genet. Metab. 86(1), 61-66. Bermú<strong>de</strong>z, M.et al. (2006). High Prevalence of CBS p.T191M Mutation in Homocystinuric Patients from Colombia. Hum. Mut. Mutation in Brief 27(3), 296. Bal<strong>de</strong>llou Vázquez, A. et al. (2006). Tratamineto <strong>de</strong> la hiperfenilalaninemia por déficit <strong>de</strong> fenilalanina hidroxilasa con tetrahidrobiopterina. ¿Cuándo y cómo. An Pediatr (Barc) 64(2), 146-152. Aguado, C. et al. (2006). Analysis of the effect of tetrahydrobiopterin on PAH gene expression in hepatoma cells. FEBS Letters 580, 1697-1701. Martínez-Frías, M.L. et al. (2006). Maternal Polymorphims 677C-T and 1298-C of MTHFR, and 66A-G MTRR Genes: Is there any relationship between polymorphisms of the folate pathway, maternal homocysteine levels and the risk for having a child with Down Syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 140A, 987-997. Kolker, S.et al. (2006). Natural History, Outcome, and Treatment Efficacy in Children and Adults with Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Pediat. Res. 59(6), 840-847. Rodríguez-Pombo P.et al. (2006). Mutational spectrum of maple syrup urine disease in Spain. Hum Mut 27(7), 715-. Richard, E. et al. (2006). Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial protein expression in methylmalonic aci<strong>de</strong>mia by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Journal of Proteomic Research 5(7), 1602-1610. Desviat, L.R., Pérez, B. and Ugarte, M. (2006). I<strong>de</strong>ntification of exonic <strong>de</strong>letions in the PAH gene causing Phenylketonuria by MLPA analysis. Clin Chim Acta 373(1-2), 164-167. Merinero, B. et al. (2006). Persistent increase of plasma butyryl/isobutyrylcarnitine concentrations as marker of SCAD <strong>de</strong>fect and ethylmalonic encephalopathy. J Inherit Metab Dis. 29(5), 685. Pérez-Cerdá, C. y Ugarte, M. (2006) Defectos congénitos <strong>de</strong> la glicosilación. Diagnóstico y tratamiento. Rev. Neurol. 43(Supl 1), 145-156. Desviat, L.R. et al. (2006). New splicing mutations in propionic aci<strong>de</strong>mia. J. Human Genetics 51(11), 992-997. Pérez, B. et al. (2006). Fenilcetonuria In: F. Mayor Zaragoza y M. Cascales Angosto (ed.) Enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s Metabólicas.. Real Aca<strong>de</strong>mia <strong>de</strong> Farmacia/Fundación Ramón Areces., <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 291-314. Pérez-Cerdá, C. et al. (2006). Patología <strong>de</strong>l metabolismo oxidativo <strong>de</strong>l propionato In: F. Mayor Zaragoza y M. Cascales Angosto (ed.) Enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s Metabólicas. Real Aca<strong>de</strong>mia <strong>de</strong> Farmacia/Fundación Ramón Areces., <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 269-290. Merinero, B. y Pérez-Cerdá, C. (2006). Diagnóstico diferencial <strong>de</strong> las acidosis lácticas congénitas. Deficiencias <strong>de</strong> la piruvato carboxilasa In: Ángel Nogales, Mª Teresa García Silva (ed.) Enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s Mitocondriales. Aula Médica, <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 96-107. Castro, M. et al. (2006). A<strong>de</strong>nylosuccinate lyase <strong>de</strong>ficiency. In: Yuji Mirowaki (ed.) Genetic Errors Associated with Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Humans: Diagnosis and Treatment. Research Signpost, Kerala, India, 111-129. Ruiz Desviat, L., Pérez González, B. y Ugarte Pérez, M. (2006) .Bases moleculares <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. In: P. Sanjurjo y A. Bal<strong>de</strong>llou (ed.) Diagnóstico y tratamiento <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. Ergon, <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 1-10. Pérez González, B., Ruiz Desviat, L. y Ugarte Pérez, M. (2006). Análisis funcional y estructural <strong>de</strong> genes mutantes. Relación fenotipogenotipo en enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. In: P. Sanjurjo y A. Bal<strong>de</strong>llou (ed.) Diagnóstico y tratamiento <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. Ergon, <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 11-19. Martínez-Pardo Casanova, M. y García Muñoz, M.J. (2006). Hiperfenilalaninemias por déficit <strong>de</strong>l cofactor BH4. In: P. Sanjurjo y A. Bal<strong>de</strong>llou (ed.) Diagnóstico y tratamiento <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. Ergon, <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 319-327. Pérez-Cerdá Silvestre, C. y Merinero Cortés, B. (2006). Alteraciones <strong>de</strong>l catabolismo <strong>de</strong> leucina y valina. Déficit múltiple <strong>de</strong> carboxilasas. In: P. Sanjurjo y A. Bal<strong>de</strong>llou (ed.) Diagnóstico y tratamiento <strong>de</strong> las enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. Ergon, <strong>Madrid</strong>, España, 393-478. Tesis doctorales Doctoral Theses Sonia Clavero Villarrubia. (2005). Bases Moleculares <strong>de</strong> la Aci<strong>de</strong>mia Propiónica. Análisis funcional y estructural <strong>de</strong> mutaciones PCCA y PCCB. Mª Ángeles Martínez García. (2006). Bases Moleculares <strong>de</strong> la Aci<strong>de</strong>mia Metilmalónica aislada. Efecto <strong>de</strong> mutaciones sobre la estabilidad <strong>de</strong> proteínas implicadas en enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias. Otras activida<strong>de</strong>s Other activities Coordinación red <strong>de</strong> grupos <strong>de</strong> Enfermeda<strong>de</strong>s metabólicas hereditarias (REDEMETH). Coordinación <strong>de</strong>l grupo <strong>de</strong>l CBM <strong>de</strong> la red <strong>de</strong> Centros <strong>de</strong> Genética Clínica y Molecular (RecGen). Magdalena Ugarte. Cátedra Miguel Alemán 2005, México DF. 145
Unidad <strong>de</strong> bioinformática Bioinformatics Unit 148 Unidad <strong>de</strong> bioinformática Bioinformatics Unit Ángel Ramírez Ortiz