(2001) nummer 1 januari/februari - Nemesis

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I TAKING parentage, once parentage is established, the child's parent or parents have exclusive rights to exercise their authority over the child. As a general rule, if a child is born during a heterosexual marriage, then parentage laws create a presumption that the husband and wife are the child's legal parents and the couple shares parental authority. When the child is not born to a heterosexual marriage, however, under the common law the parentage rights of a biological father were unrecognized or severely limited. This changed, though, when unmarried fathers began to challenge the constitutionality of statutes that had prevented them from asserting parental rights conceming their biological children. State statutes that ignored unmarried fathers in custody or adoption actions were struck down as unconstitutional because the statutes violated the due process clause of the United States Constitution in certain situations. The United States Supreme Court held that, 'When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing of his child, (...) his interest in personal contact with this child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause (...). If he grasps that opportunity and accepts some measure of responsibility for the child's future' 6 then the unwed father's constitutional due process rights must be protected. By recognizing the sperm donor as a parent, he can prevent the child 's social parent from adopting the child Based on this analysis, in the United States a father of a non-marital child must be given an opportunity to assert his parental rights and, if he has attempted to assume parental obligations, he cannot be excluded from the protections granted other legal parent-child relationships. These rights include the ability to petition a court for a custody/residency order or a visitation/contact order and, more importantly, the possibility of preventing the adoption of the child by withholding his parental consent to the adoption. As a general rule under U.S. parentage law, if a person is a legal parent, then that person has the right to exercise all the rights of a parent; if a person is not a legal parent, he or she has no parental rights conceming the child, even though that person may be acting as the child's co-parent. In addition, legal parenthood is established through proof of biological parentage; only a court-ordered termination of parental rights can cut off the biological parent's status as a legal parent. This means THE SIDE EXIT IN THE UNITED STATES NANCY G. MAXWELL that if a visitation or custody dispute arises between a child's biological parent and a person who has been raising the child but who is not the child biological parent, the biological parent's right of custody and visitation always is superior to any claims by this 'non-parent. ' Therefore, the question of whether a sperm donor in an AID birth is the child's legal parent becomes extremely important because conferring legal parenthood to a sperm donor may prevent another person, who is the child's social parent, from asserting any legal rights of custody or visitation conceming the child, even though this social parent has raised the child since birth. Early Case Law In 1977 a New Jersey court 7 decided the first reported case dealing with the parental rights of a man who provided his sperm to an unmarried woman. 8 As with the cases that were to follow, the testimony of the sperm donor and the mother were conflicting and contradictory. For example, in the majority of these cases, the mother asserts that she did not intend for the sperm donor to have a parental relationship with the child. The sperm donor, on the other hand, claims that he assumed, or the parties agreed, that he would be the child' s father and have certain parental rights conceming any child bom of the AID. In the 1977 case, when the mother and the sperm donor discovered their differing views conceming the role of the sperm donor in the life of the child conceived by AID, the sperm donor brought an action seeking a court determination that he was the legal parent of the child. Because there was no applicable AID statute in New Jersey in 1977, the court relied on common law principles that had developed in case law. The court framed the issue as one involving the definition of a 'natural' father. Consequently the court determined the sperm donor was the legal parent of the child and granted the sperm donor visitation rights against the wishes of the mother, who the court characterized as 'thwarting' the sperm donor's attempts to establish a relationship with the child. The 1980s Cases-Interpreting Statutes that Regulate the Parental Rights in AID Births As mentioned previously, each state in the United States has the authority to determine the laws conceming a child's parentage. However, the desirability of interstate uniformity and predictability conceming a child's parentage resulted in the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws proposing the Uniform Parentage Act in 1973. 9 Although a state' s 6. Lehr v. Richardson, 463 U.S. 248, 103 S. Ct. 2985, 77 L. Ed. riage, 2d similar to the Dutch registered partnership. Under the civil 614(1983). union legislation, 'The rights of parties to a civil union, with respect 7. C.M. v. CC, mi A.2d 821 (NJ. Juv. & Dom. Rel. Ct. 1977). to a child of whom either becomes the natural parent during the term 8. In the United States civil marriage is not available to same-gender of the civil union, shall be the same as those of a married couple, with couples, see Nancy G. Maxwell, 'Opening Civil Marriage to Same- respect to a child of whom either spouse becomes the natural parent gender Couples: a Netherlands-United States Comparison', vol. 4.3 during the marriage.' 2000 Vt. Acts & Resolves 91, par. 1204f. Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, November 2000, Same-gender couples have been allo wed to adopt in Vermont since Consequently all the cases 1993, under the case of Adoptions of B.L.V.B. and E.L.V.B., 628 here involve 'unmarried' women, even if the mother is in a domes- A.2d 1271 (Vt. 1993). In 1995 the Vermont legislature enacted spetic partnership with another woman. In May 2000, the Vermont legcific legislation to allow same-gender co-parent adoptions, see Vt. islature created 'civil unions' which is a parallel institution to mar- Stat. Ann. tit. 15A par. l-102(b), 1999. Although Vermont is the 16 NEMESIS 2001 nr. 1
ACTUALITEITENKATERN Samenstelling Marjan Wijèrs, Danielle Piechocki ACTUALITEITENKATERN JANUARI/FEBRUARI 2001, NR. I ARBEID Pensioen GEDETINEERDEN GEZONDHEIDSRECHT RELATIERECHT Gezag Omgangsrecht RELATIE- VERMOGENSRECHT Alimentatie Pensioen SEKSUEEL GEWELD Belaging Schadevergoeding SOCIALE ZEKERHEID VREEMDELINGEN Afhankelijk verblijfsrecht 16 Prostitutie I N H RECHTSPRAAK Nr. 1264 Ktg. Zwolle 12 oktober 2000 (RN-kort) Wet Aanpassing Arbeidsduur. Weigering aanpassing arbeidstijden wijkziekenverzorgende onterecht. Nr. 1265 HvJEG 16 mei 2000 (Preston), m.nt. Albertine Veldman Deeltijdarbeid, pensioenreparatie. Toepassing nationale vervaltermijn strijdig met gemeenschapsrecht. Nr. 1266 Beroepscommissie ex art.73 lid 1 PBW 23 november 1999 Vereisten incidenteel verlof aan gedetineerde levenspartner, tweede echtgenote, islamitisch huwelijk. Nr. 1267 Hof Amsterdam 4 maart 1999 (RN-kort) Opzegging medewerkersovereenkomst na klachten over seksuele intimidatie niet gerechtvaardigd. Nr. 1268 CRvB 26 november 1999 (RN-kort) Transseksualiteit. Awbz. Penisprothese voor vrouwen i.t.t. borstprothese voor mannen niet vergoed. Nr. 1269 HR 14 juli 2000 (RN-kort) Kinderontvoeringsverdrag. Toestemming vader voor niet doen terugkeren kinderen. Bewijs. Nr. 1270 Hof Amsterdam 7 januari 1999 (RN-kort) Handhaving gezamenlijk gezag ondanks beëindiging contact tussen vader-kind en vader-moeder. Nr. 1271 Hof' s-Hertogenbosch 7 juli 1999 (RN-kort) Geografische afstand is geen belemmering voor uitoefening van gezamenlijk gezag. Nr. 1272 Rb. Utrecht 10 februari 2000 Omgang tijdens verzoek wijziging omgangsregeling niet in het belang van de kinderen, agressie man. 9 Nr. 1273 HR 26 november 1999 (RN-kort) Interen op eigen vermogen niet redelijk nu vrouw niet beschikt over pensioenvoorziening. 9 Nr. 1274 Hof Amsterdam 15 juni 2000 (RN-kort) Toewijzing verzoek wijziging kinderalimentatie. Kind maakt deel uit van nieuw gezin moeder. 10 Nr. 1275 Pres. Rb. Utrecht 24 augustus 2000 (RN-kort) Toekenning voorschot in afwachting van vaststelling partneralimentatie. 10 Nr. 1276 Hof Amsterdam 31 augustus 2000 (RN-kort) Beëindiging alimentatieverplichting zo ingrijpend dat deze in redelijkheid niet kan worden gevergd. 10 Nr. 1277 Rb. ' s-Gravenhage 16 maart 2000 (RN-kort) Pensioenverevening. Scheiding moet binnen twee jaar worden medegedeeld aan uitvoeringsorgaan. 10 Nr. 1278 Rb. Almelo 4 juli 2000 (RN-kort) Seksueel misbruik van echtgenote tijdens diepe slaap, tijdelijke onmacht. 11 Nr. 1279 Pres. Rb. Utrecht 12 september 2000 (RN-kort) ' Weigering van dader om overplaatsing te vragen op verzoek van slachtoffer is onrechtmatig. 11 Nr. 1280 Rb. Alkmaar 26 oktober 2000 Verbod tot internetstalking middels homepage. 12 Nr. 1281 Hof Amsterdam 4 februari 2000 (RN-kort) Ondanks vrijspraak in strafzaak ontuchtige handelingen bewezen in civiele zaak. 12 Nr. 1282 CRvB 22 december 1999 (RN-kort) Reparatiewet Aaw. Intrekking uitkering: inbreuk eigendomsrecht geoorloofd. 13 Nr.1283 CRvB 29 maart 2000 (RN-kort) Geen causaal verband tussen arbeidsongeschiktheid moeder en zwangerschap. 13 Nr. 1284 Sociale Verzekeringsbank Breda 11 juli 2000 Recht op kinderbijslag hangende procedure voortgezette toelating. Ingezetenschap. 14 Nr. 1285 Rb. 's-Gravenhage zp Haarlem 10 augustus 2000 Weigering tewerkstellingsvergunning voor inwonend kinderverzorgster. Nr. 1286 EHRM 11 juli 2000 (giliz), vervolg op RN 1999, 1072 (RN-kort) Uitzetting tijdens procedure omgangsregeling vormt schending art. 8 EVRM. 16 Nr. 1287 Beschikking Staatssecretaris van Justitie 7 augustus 2000 Seksueel geweld. Voortgezet verblijf op humanitaire gronden na verbreking huwelijk. 17 Nr. 1288 CRvB 8 juni 1999 Afwijzing bijstand ex-prostituee. Onvoldoende onderzocht of verblijfsrecht o.g.v. gemeenschapsrecht. WETGEVING 19 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 28, Equality of Rights between Men and Women 22 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation XXV on Gender Related Dimensions of Racial Discrimination 23 Security Council, Resolution 1325 (2000), adoption of a gender perspective AGENDA 25 Call for papers Derde Landelijk Congres Vrouwenstudies 'Multiculturalisme en feminisme' LITERATUUR 25 Samenstelling Tanja Kraft van Ermel
Page 1 and 2: JANUARI/FEBRUARI 2001 ARBEID, ZORG
Page 3 and 4: Vakantie, zorg en andere hobbies: w
Page 5 and 6: de winkel. Noodmaatregelen lijken g
Page 7 and 8: I VROUWENRECHTEN De genoemde VN-ver
Page 9 and 10: gy for making women's as well as me
Page 11 and 12: cial discrimination the rights of p
Page 13 and 14: In verband met art. 6, dat het rech
Page 15 and 16: I VROUWENRECHTEN krachter geen of e
Page 17: come the child's legal father if he
Page 21 and 22: een vrouw in het Verenigd Koninkrij
Page 23 and 24: echt niet praktisch onmogelijk of u
Page 25 and 26: tigen. Zij zal de Minister opdragen
Page 27 and 28: 2.6. Bij vonnis d.d. 1 februari 200
Page 29 and 30: De vorderingen van de benadeelde pa
Page 31 and 32: wet Aaw de eis dat iedereen die van
Page 33 and 34: ingezet kan worden. Het vereiste va
Page 35 and 36: maart 1999, geldig tot 22 maart 200
Page 37 and 38: door de korpschef van de regiopolit
Page 39 and 40: elates to their reproductive functi
Page 41 and 42: crimination against women, as well
Page 43 and 44: 13. Encourages all those involved i
Page 45: patroon dat politiemensen volgen in
Page 48 and 49: was 'ambiguous' when the sperm dono
Page 50 and 51: I TAKING born, he regularly visited
Page 52 and 53: Relevant Case Law I TAKING In the f
Page 54 and 55: asis van het hoofdstuk betreffende
Page 56 and 57: I KRONIEK Commissie t. fie/g/ê-jur
Page 58 and 59: I KRONIEK een vrouw vanwege zwanger
Page 60 and 61: Tot slot I KRONIEK De trend in geli
Page 62 and 63: geldt, maar als ziekte. Het vernieu
Page 64: REDACTIONEEL MIES WESTERVELD, DE KA

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