prvi hrvatski speleoloÅ¡ki kongres - KARST underground protection

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“bentonitnog tepiha” ovdje je prvi puta upotrebljena. Tijekom zgradnje kontinuirano su uzimani i analizirani uzorci vode iz izvora, a sve novo otvorene šupljine na terenu odmah su speleološki istraţene. I nakon puštanja obilaznice u promet, kontrolirana je kvaliteta vode u Zviru i nije bilo nikakvih promjena u odnosu na “nulto stanje” prije izgradnje II faze obilaznice oko grada Rijeke. Implementacija gravimetrije u speleologiji i istraţivanju kaverni Implementation of gravimetry in caving and exploring caverns Danko Markovinović 1 & Mladen Garašić 2,3,4 1 Sveuĉilište u Zagrebu, Geodetski fakultet, Kaĉićeva 26, Zagreb 2 Društvo za istraţivanja i snimanja krških fenomena (DISKF) Zagreb 3 Hrvatski speleološki savez, Nova Ves 66, Zagreb 4 Sveuĉilište u Zagrebu, GraĊevinski fakultet, Kaĉićeva 26, Zagreb Ključne riječi: geodezija, gravimetrija, speleologija, krš, spilje Key words: Geodesy, Gravimetry, Speleology, Karst, Caves Gravimetrijska metoda kao dio fizikalne geodezije izmeĊu ostaloga ima svoju veliku primjenu u istraţivanju speleoloških objekata i podzemnih fenomena. Anomalije ubrzanja sile teţe koje se raĉunaju iz visokopreciznih gravimetrijskih mjerenja (10-8 ms-2) omogućavaju detektiranje kaverni u obliku jama i šupljina. U radu se prikazuje implementacija gravimetrije u istraţivanju kaverni na juţnom ulazu tunela Mala Kapela. Anomalije ubrzanja sile teţe su pokazale pojavu nakoliko kaverni razliĉitih veliĉina i lokacija. Obavljena speleološka istraţivanja pokazuju podudarnost izmeĊu mjerenja i pojave speleoloških objekata. 86
The History of the speleological explorations in the catchment area of underground rivers Reka and Ljubljanica, West Slovenia Povijest speleoloških istraţivanja u porječju krških rijeka Ljubljanica i Reka u zapadnoj Sloveniji Andrej Mihevc 1 1 Karst Research Institute , Titov trg 2, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia; mihevc@zrc-sazu.si Key words: podzemne rijeke, Reka, Ljubljanica, krš Ključne riječi: Underground rivers, Reka, Ljubljanica, Karst In Western part of Dinaric karst in Slovenia there are two from the point of history of speleology important karst rivers: river Reka and river Ljubljanica. Ljubljanica river is formed from a group of springs with discharge of the 38.6 m 3 s -1 at Vrhnika. Main part of the 1000 km 2 large catchment area is in karstified rocks, with direct karst recharge. Part of the water does appear in springs on the edges of four poljes, crosses them and sinks again. Part of the water is supplied also by sinking rivers from noncarbonate rocks. At springs and sinks several large cave systems were formed. Because of large cave entrances, sinking rivers, springs and ponors and long lasting floods on the poljes the area was in the focus of the interest of natural sciences long ago. Karst water phenomena were first described in 17.th century. A. Kircher is giving underground rivers from Cerknica polje as an example for his general theory on hydrophilacia. The floods were later studied by J.V. Valvasor (1689), who also made some cave exploration. Karst and caves were explored by F.A. Steinberg (1758), T. Gruber (1781), and F. Nagel (1754). In 19.th century there is a large increase of the cave exploration in the area especially after the discovery of the inner part of Postojnska jama in 1818 (L. Ĉeĉ, J. Jeršinoviĉ, F.H. Hohenwart and F. Schafenrath,) and in Planinska jama (A. Urbas, A. Schmidl). These explorations were connected with touristic development and scientific interest in caves, cave biology, paleontology and archeology (F. Hochstetter, J. Szombathy) in Postojnska jama, Planinska jama and Kriţna jama. First cave animals were discovered and described. More difficult water caves and deep pits were explored later in connection to hydro meliorations of karst poljes (W. Putick). In the second half of the 19.th speleological societies appeared. In Postojna between years 1889 – 1905 caving society Anthron, and after year 1910 speleological society from Ljubljana. After WW I the catchment area of the river was divided among two countries, Yugoslavia and Italy. In Postojna was formed in 1927 Instituto Italiano di Speleologia. Cave exploration and intensive work was done on the cave register. In Ljubljana register of caves was established by Društvo za raziskovanje podzemnih jam. After WW II new institute, Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa was founded in Postojna. It works on the cave register and on more scientific karst 87
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PRVI HRVATSKI SPELEOLOŠKI KONGRES
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SADRŢAJ Predgovor (Mladen Garaši
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Zoran Dujaković: IzvoĊenje speleo
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organizacije za aktivnost speleolog
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objavio je ove godine strukturu (re
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and hydrogeological parameters with
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se moţe preliminarno kulturno atri
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obzira jesu li taj nalaz s jadransk
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akademiku Mirku Malezu, suosnivaĉu
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RICHARDS, P.M., PETTITT, B.P., TRIN
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Karst Atlas of the Viroin Atlas kr
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Editing work and updating The possi
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Do 1978. godine na ovom podruĉju s
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Determination of initial 14 C activ
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edrock paleodissolution vs. ageing
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osnovne šole); e. Nevladna zdruţe
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Speleologija u istraţivanju i kori
Page 36 and 37: U prošlosti već su talijanski spe
Page 38 and 39: Facing this situation, CWEPPS made
Page 40 and 41: metres below sea level (maximum dep
Page 42 and 43: PAAR, D., BAKŠIĆ, D., RADOLIĆ, V
Page 44 and 45: prirodnoj radioaktivnosti, ali i om
Page 46 and 47: Litološke značajke speleoloških
Page 48 and 49: concrete box near the cave’s entr
Page 50 and 51: Gorskog Kotara, Like i Velebita ĉi
Page 52 and 53: ukljuĉuje brzu procjenu stanja svi
Page 54 and 55: alkohol, mogu brzo dovesti do sniţ
Page 56 and 57: studies. The preliminary results of
Page 58 and 59: KUHTA, M., D. BAKŠIĆ, 2001: Karst
Page 60 and 61: svojti, istiĉe Hrvatsku kao vaţan
Page 62 and 63: Karbonatna graĊa Ţumberka i Samob
Page 64 and 65: metarska vertikala,koja je vodila d
Page 66 and 67: 2002-2003 = 0,060 Srednja koliĉina
Page 68 and 69: Along the line they also built seve
Page 70 and 71: very intense limestone erosion whic
Page 72 and 73: pokusu nije došlo do ustaljenja RP
Page 74 and 75: Temeljne geomorfološke značajke
Page 76 and 77: napravljen u vrijeme istraţnih rad
Page 78 and 79: - i jedna i druga kaverna nalaze se
Page 80 and 81: koji se s oborinama procijeĊuju iz
Page 82 and 83: odreĊenih fosilnih ostataka pripad
Page 84 and 85: i vulvarni znakovi, diskovi, grupe
Page 88 and 89: esearch, while cavers are organised
Page 90 and 91: Ljubljanice. To so Kriţna jama, Go
Page 92 and 93: tijekom jesenskog i zimskog kišnog
Page 94: Nikola Vukosavljević 12 Bojan Zmai
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