Nyelvtudományi közlemények 91. kötet (1990)

114 EEVA KANGASMAA-MINN
Altaists Zolotnitskii (1875) and Ashmarin (1898) hold the opposite view:
the Chuvash jo\- has been borrowed into Cheremis and it displays an exact
correspondence to Turkic ak- (cf. Chuvash jos 'hermelin' — Turkic as id.).
On the other hand, Setälä presents the Cheremis stem joy as Finno-
Ugric when looking for proof for his theory on quantitative gradation (1896).
Ramstedt has the Western Cheremis form joya-ßat listed in the glossary of
his Bergtscheremissische Sprachstudien (1902), the meaning is 'river'. That
is the form which Setälä gives in his Zur frage nach der Verwandschaft der
finnischugrischen und samojedischen sprachen (1915) as a cognate of the
Finnish joki 'river'. József Szinnyei has both joyan 'river' and joy- 'to flow'
in his Finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft (1917).
Yrjö Wichmann has collected words for a dictionary from several
Cheremis dialects. Wichmann lists separately the noun joya, joyan with
entries from the dialects marked KB joya, joya-ßat 'virtaava vesi', M joyan
ßüt id. В joyan ßüt 'river water (as opposed to lake water)'; the dialects
marked J, U and T show blanks. Under the verb stem 'to flow' he presents
noun derivatives from all the dialects in question: KB joyas ßat, J joyas ßat,
M joyas ßüt, T id., U joyoso ßüt, all with the meaning 'flowing water', В
joyas ßüt id. and JU d joyas ßüt or d joyaso ßüt id. In the glossary included in
his Tscheremissische Texte Wichmann gives both the noun and the verb under
the same entry (1923. 272): joya-ßat (KB), joyan-ßüt (U), cognate with
Finnish joki and Hungarian jó and meaning 'river', and joyem (KB and U)
'to flow', which, remarkably, does not show etymological correspondencies
in the other languages.
Even the Fenno-Ugrists have not all agreed with Wichmann. A
differing opinion is presented by Heikki Paasonen (1917). In a footnote
on p. 55 he states explicitly: "Tscheremissisch joyem 'fließen' {joyan-ßüt
'Strom', tscheremissisch В joya-ßat 'Fluß') von Budenz, Setälä und Szinynyei
mit dem oben angeführten fiugr. Namen für Fluß verbunden, ist offenbar
ein tschuwassisches Lehnwort: tschuw. jo^-, ju\- 'fließen, strömen',
vgl. gemeintür. ak id." Martti Räsänen, not surprisingly, includes joyas 'to
flow' among the Chuvash borrowings in Cheremis (1920. 133) but does not
give any separate mentioning of the noun. The statement by Räsänen is
repeated in Fedotov (1965. 158) with Chuvash ju\am, Mari joyan as examples.
The more recent dictionaries and glossaries agree in listing separately
the noun and the verb. V.M. Vasiljev (1920) has two entries for joyan
with the meanings of 'strait' and 'river'. MRS gives both the Western
Cheremis joya and the standard language joyan with the meaning of stream.
Paasonen-Siro (1948) has an unwavering opinion: both joyan (noun) and
joyem (verb) are Chuvash borrowings. Björn Collinder (1955. 19) is appar-
Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 91. 1990.