Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

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Contents xi 4.6.3 Diffusion Coefficients of Water in CM and Cuticular Wax . . 107 4.6.3.1 Measurement of Dw for Water in CM from Hold-up Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.6.3.2 Estimation of Dw from Diffusion of Lipophilic Neutral Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.6.4 Water Permeability of Paraffin Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.6.4.1 Water Permeance of Polyethylene and Paraffin Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.6.4.2 Water Permeability of Lipid Monolayers . . . . . . . . . 114 4.6.4.3 Estimation of Water Sorption in Wax and Thickness of the Waxy Transpiration Barrier . . . . . 116 4.7 Permeances of Adaxial and Abaxial Cuticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.8 Water Permeability of Isolated Cuticular Membranes as Compared to Intact Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.9 The Shape of the Water Barrier in Plant Cuticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.1 Localisation of Aqueous Pores in Cuticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.2 Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5.3 Cuticular Penetration of Electrolytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.3.1 Effect of Wetting Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.3.2 Penetration of Calcium and Potassium Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.3 Rate Constants Measured with Leaf CM from Different Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5.3.4 Size Selectivity of Aqueous Pores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.3.5 Penetration of Organic Ions and Zwitter Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.4 Cuticular Penetration of Fe Chelates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.1 Sorption in Cuticular Membranes, Polymer Matrix, Cutin and Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.1.1 Definition and Determination of Partition Coefficients . . . . . 145 6.1.2 Cuticle/Water Partition Coefficients Kcw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.1.3 Wax/Water Partition Coefficients Kww . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.1.4 Concentration Dependence of Partition Coefficients . . . . . . . 149 6.1.5 Prediction of Partition Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.1.6 Problems Related to the Measurement of Partition Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.1.6.1 Solutes with Ionisable Acidic and Basic Groups . . 151 6.1.6.2 Hydrophobic Solutes with Extremely Low Water Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
xii Contents 6.1.6.3 Polar Solutes with Extremely High Water Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.2 Steady State Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.2.1 Permeance of Isolated Cuticular Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.2.2 Steady State Penetration into Detached Leaves: The Submersion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.2.2.1 Penetration into Cut Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.2.2.2 Cuticular Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.2.2.3 Compartmental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.2.2.4 Projected and Specific Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.2.2.5 Evaluation of Compartmental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 170 6.2.3 Steady State Penetration into Leaf Disks Using the Well Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 6.3 Diffusion with Changing Donor Concentrations: The Transient State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.3.1 Simultaneous Bilateral Desorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.3.2 Unilateral Desorption from the Outer Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.3.2.1 Estimating Solute Mobility from Rate Constants . . 183 6.3.2.2 Variability of Solute Mobility among Different Plant Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 6.3.2.3 Variability of Solute Mobility with Size of Solutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.4 Simulation of Foliar Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.5 Diffusion in Reconstituted Isolated Cuticular Waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6.5.1 Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 6.5.2 Diffusion Coefficients in Reconstituted Cuticular Wax . . . . . 195 6.5.3 Relationship Between D and P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 7 Accelerators Increase Solute Permeability of Cuticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7.1 Sorption of Plasticisers in Wax and Cutin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.1.1 Sorption of Alcohol Ethoxylates in Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.1.2 Sorption of Alcohol Ethoxylates in Polymer Matrix Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 7.1.3 Sorption of n-Alkyl Esters in Wax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 7.2 Plasticisation of Cuticular Wax: Evidence from Spectroscopy . . . . . . 212 7.3 Effects of Plasticisers on Diffusion of Lipophilic Solutes in Wax . . . 215 7.3.1 Effect of C12E8 on Solute Diffusion in Reconstituted Wax . . 215 7.3.2 Plasticising Effects of Other Alcohol Ethoxylates . . . . . . . . . 217 7.3.3 Plasticising Effects of n-Alkyl Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 7.3.4 Dependence of the Plasticising Effect on Molar Volume of Solutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 7.4 Effects of Plasticisers on Transport in Cuticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 7.4.1 Reversibility of Plasticiser Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Page 2 and 3: Water and Solute Permeability of Pl
Page 4 and 5: Professor Dr. Lukas Schreiber Ecoph
Page 6 and 7: vi Preface This is not a review abo
Page 8 and 9: Contents 1 Chemistry and Structure
Page 12 and 13: Contents xiii 7.4.2 Effects of Plas
Page 14 and 15: 2 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuti
Page 22 and 23: 10 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cut
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 Quantitative Description
Page 44 and 45: 2.1 Models for Analysing Mass Trans
Page 50 and 51: 2.3 Steady State Diffusion Across a
Page 52 and 53: 2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 54 and 55: 2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 56 and 57: 2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 58 and 59: 2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 60 and 61:
2.6 Determination of the Diffusion
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Solutions 51 2.7 Summary In this ch
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Chapter 3 Permeance, Diffusion and
Page 66 and 67:
3.1 Units of Permeability 55 3.1.1
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3.1 Units of Permeability 57 identi
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3.3 Partition Coefficients 59 The d
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Chapter 4 Water Permeability All te
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4.1 Water Permeability of Synthetic
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 69 The hi
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 71 has an
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 73 Counte
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.5 Diffusion and Viscous Transport
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4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
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Problems 121 Our present knowledge
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Solutions 123 5. Ca 2+ , because se
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126 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes
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146 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes
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206 7 Accelerators Increase Solute
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Chapter 8 Effects of Temperature on
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8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
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8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
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8.2 Solute Mobility in Cuticles 239
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.4 Thermal Expansion of CM, MX, Cu
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Problems 257 E D (kJ/mol) DH S (kJ/
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 9 General Methods, Sources
Page 270 and 271:
9.2 Testing Integrity of Isolated C
Page 272 and 273:
9.4 Distribution of Water and Solut
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9.6 Cutin and Wax Analysis and Prep
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9.7 Measuring Water Permeability 26
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9.8 Measuring Solute Permeability 2
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276 Appendix A Abbreviations (conti
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278 Appendix A Symbols (continued)
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280 Appendix B Physico-chemical pro
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Appendix C Index of Plants Botanica
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References Abraham MH, McGowan JC (
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References 287 Doty PM, Aiken WH, M
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References 289 Kolattukudy P (2004)
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References 291 Sabljic A, Güsten H
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References 293 Schreiber L, Schönh
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Index 2,4-D, 46 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
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Index 297 leaf disks, 130 leaf surf
Page 306:
Index 299 water molar volume, 110 p
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