Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

166 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes log P (m/s) −7 −8 −9 −10 2,4-D TRI 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Log K CM/water Fig. 6.7 Penetration into barley leaves at 25 ◦ C of 2,4-D, triadimenol (TRI), bitertanol (BIT) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Permeance was calculated from rates of penetration. Vertical bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (Data taken from Schreiber and Schönherr 1992a) Amounts penetrated x 10 12 (mol mm -1 ) 200 160 120 80 40 0 Pinus sylvestris 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 Time (min) BIT Abies koreana Abies alba PCP Picea pungens Picea abies Fig. 6.8 Penetration of PCP into conifer needles at 25 ◦ C. Penetration was biphasic. Rates of penetration (slopes) and y-intercepts differed among plant species. Vertical bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (Redrawn from data of Schreiber and Schönherr 1992b)
6.2 Steady State Penetration 167 desorbed from epicuticular waxes of conifers at similar rates to those from barley leaf wax. Rate constants of desorption (k2) from the second compartment (i.e., the cuticle underneath the epicuticular wax) differed somewhat depending on species. They were a little higher with Picea abies and Taxus baccata (2.4 × 10 −4 s −1 ) than with Abies koreana and Abies alba (1.5 × 10 −4 s −1 ). These rate constants are also similar to k2 measured with barley leaves (1.4 × 10 −4 s −1 ). As with barley leaves, the size of the second compartment (CPT2) did not depend on time of loading and was similar for all conifers. About 7% of PCP in needles was sorbed in compartment 2, that is in the cuticle. Fractions of PCP in compartment 1 decreased and compartment 3 increased with time, as was the case with barley leaves. Permeances obtained from penetration were not significantly different from permeances obtained from desorption experiments. When rates of penetration were plotted against amount sorbed in compartments 1 and 2, a straight line was obtained. Hence, rates of penetration into compartment 3 (mesophyll) were proportional to amounts of chemicals sorbed in waxes and cuticles (Fig. 6.9). The amounts of chemicals sorbed are proportional to mass of wax, mass of cutin and partition coefficients. The mass of epicuticular wax per mm needle length was determined by dipping the needles for 1–2 s into chloroform. This method can be questioned (Sect. 2.2) but it is likely that most epicuticular waxes were dissolved without extracting too much embedded wax. Since compartments 1 and 2 were added (Fig. 6.9), the problem is not crucial. Amounts of surface wax varied among species (Table 6.6) and ranged from 1.56 to 7.1µg mm −1 needle length (Schreiber and Schönherr 1993b). Abies koreana and A. alba had the highest amount of surface wax, and this is the reason log Rates of penetration (mol s −1 mm −1 ) −15 −16 −17 −18 Abies koreana Abies alba Picea pungens Pinus sylvestris Picea abies −13 −12 −11 −10 log Sorption (mol mm −1 ) Fig. 6.9 Dependence of rate of penetration of 2,4-D, triadimenol, bitertanol, lindane and PCP into conifer needles on amounts of chemicals sorbed reversibly in compartments 1 and 2. (Redrawn from data of Schreiber and Schönherr 1992b)
Page 2 and 3:
Water and Solute Permeability of Pl
Page 4 and 5:
Professor Dr. Lukas Schreiber Ecoph
Page 6 and 7:
vi Preface This is not a review abo
Page 8 and 9:
Contents 1 Chemistry and Structure
Page 10 and 11:
Contents xi 4.6.3 Diffusion Coeffic
Page 12 and 13:
Contents xiii 7.4.2 Effects of Plas
Page 14 and 15:
2 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuti
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
10 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cut
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Chapter 2 Quantitative Description
Page 44 and 45:
2.1 Models for Analysing Mass Trans
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
2.3 Steady State Diffusion Across a
Page 52 and 53:
2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 54 and 55:
2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 56 and 57:
2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 58 and 59:
2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 60 and 61:
2.6 Determination of the Diffusion
Page 62 and 63:
Solutions 51 2.7 Summary In this ch
Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 3 Permeance, Diffusion and
Page 66 and 67:
3.1 Units of Permeability 55 3.1.1
Page 68 and 69:
3.1 Units of Permeability 57 identi
Page 70 and 71:
3.3 Partition Coefficients 59 The d
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 4 Water Permeability All te
Page 74 and 75:
4.1 Water Permeability of Synthetic
Page 76 and 77:
4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
Page 78 and 79:
4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
Page 80 and 81:
4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 69 The hi
Page 82 and 83:
4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 71 has an
Page 84 and 85:
4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 73 Counte
Page 86 and 87:
4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
Page 88 and 89:
4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
Page 90 and 91:
4.5 Diffusion and Viscous Transport
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127: 4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
Page 132 and 133: Problems 121 Our present knowledge
Page 134 and 135: Solutions 123 5. Ca 2+ , because se
Page 136 and 137: 126 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes
Page 156 and 157: 146 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes
Page 216 and 217: 206 7 Accelerators Increase Solute
Page 226 and 227:
216 7 Accelerators Increase Solute
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 8 Effects of Temperature on
Page 244 and 245:
8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
Page 246 and 247:
8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
Page 248 and 249:
8.2 Solute Mobility in Cuticles 239
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
Page 258 and 259:
8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
Page 260 and 261:
8.4 Thermal Expansion of CM, MX, Cu
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Problems 257 E D (kJ/mol) DH S (kJ/
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 9 General Methods, Sources
Page 270 and 271:
9.2 Testing Integrity of Isolated C
Page 272 and 273:
9.4 Distribution of Water and Solut
Page 274 and 275:
9.6 Cutin and Wax Analysis and Prep
Page 276 and 277:
9.7 Measuring Water Permeability 26
Page 278 and 279:
9.8 Measuring Solute Permeability 2
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
276 Appendix A Abbreviations (conti
Page 286 and 287:
278 Appendix A Symbols (continued)
Page 288 and 289:
280 Appendix B Physico-chemical pro
Page 290 and 291:
Appendix C Index of Plants Botanica
Page 292 and 293:
References Abraham MH, McGowan JC (
Page 294 and 295:
References 287 Doty PM, Aiken WH, M
Page 296 and 297:
References 289 Kolattukudy P (2004)
Page 298 and 299:
References 291 Sabljic A, Güsten H
Page 300 and 301:
References 293 Schreiber L, Schönh
Page 302 and 303:
Index 2,4-D, 46 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
Page 304 and 305:
Index 297 leaf disks, 130 leaf surf
Page 306:
Index 299 water molar volume, 110 p
show all

Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?