Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

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186 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes −ln(1−M t /M o) 4 3 2 1 0 UDIS CM slope 0.0017 s −1 UDOS MX slope 2.8 x 10 −4 s −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (h) Fig. 6.20 Unilateral desorption of pentachlorophenol from Citrus aurantium CM or MX. Desorption from the inner surface of the CM (UDIS) or desorption from the outer surface (UDOS) of MXmembranes. Initial slopes are indicated slow and the distance too large. However, from the initial slopes obtained by UDOS, valid mobilities can be estimated for the limiting skins of MX-membranes. The UDOS experiment with MX demonstrates that solute mobility in the outer layer of extracted CM is lower than in the sorption compartment. There is an outer limiting layer in the MX, but mobility is much larger than mobility in the limiting skin of the CM. Waxes in the limiting skin or on top of the CM reduced PCP mobility 155-fold. 6.3.2.2 Variability of Solute Mobility among Different Plant Species Buchholz (2006) published rate constants of bifenox measured with astomatous CM isolated from leaves of 22 plant species. Rate constants varied by more than three orders of magnitude, and ranged from 1.9×10 −5 (Prunus persica) to 1.3×10 −8 s −1 (Ilex paraguariensis) (Fig. 6.21). Extraction of cuticular waxes increased rate constants by factors of 5 (Vanilla) to 4,895 (Ilex), and weight loss on extraction varied between 10% (Stephanotis; Melicoccus, Hedera, Vanilla) and 30% (Populus, Schefflera). However, bifenox mobilities did not correlate with cuticle thickness or amounts of cuticular wax (Buchholz 2006). 98 95 86 63 0 Percentage desorbed
6.3 Diffusion with Changing Donor Concentrations: The Transient State 187 Ilex paraguariensis Vanilla planifolia Hedera helix Melicoccus bijugatus Ginkgo biloba Strophanthus gratus Citrus aurantium Prunus laurocerasus Ilex aquifolium Prunus serotina Citrus grandis Malus domestica cv. Gloster Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicius Pyrus pyrifolia Pyrus communis Malus baccata Stephanotis floribunda Prunus armeniaca Pyrus communis Pyrus pyrifolia Juglans regia Populus canescens Tilia cordata Prunus persica 4 5 6 7 8 -log Rate constant Fig. 6.21 Mobility (−log k ∗ ) of bifenox at 25 ◦ C in astomatous cuticular membranes isolated from 22 different plant species. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. (Redrawn from Buchholz 2006) 6.3.2.3 Variability of Solute Mobility with Size of Solutes UDOS rate constants do not depend on partition coefficients, since driving force is the solute concentration in the sorption compartment of cuticles rather than concentration of an aqueous donor solution. As measure of solute size, molecular weight may be used, but we prefer the equivalent volumes (Vx cm 3 mol −1 ) calculated according to McCowan and Mellors (1986) or Abraham and McGowan (1987) as already explained (Chap. 5). Effect of solute size on solute mobility in CM and MX membranes has been studied with cuticles from different plant species (Baur et al. 1996b; Buchholz et al. 1998). All data could be fitted to an equation of the type shown below: logk ∗ = logk ∗ 0 − β ′ ×Vx (6.21)
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Water and Solute Permeability of Pl
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Professor Dr. Lukas Schreiber Ecoph
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vi Preface This is not a review abo
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Contents 1 Chemistry and Structure
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Contents xi 4.6.3 Diffusion Coeffic
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Contents xiii 7.4.2 Effects of Plas
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2 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuti
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10 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cut
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Chapter 2 Quantitative Description
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2.1 Models for Analysing Mass Trans
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2.3 Steady State Diffusion Across a
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2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
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2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
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2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
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2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
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2.6 Determination of the Diffusion
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Solutions 51 2.7 Summary In this ch
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Chapter 3 Permeance, Diffusion and
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3.1 Units of Permeability 55 3.1.1
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3.1 Units of Permeability 57 identi
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3.3 Partition Coefficients 59 The d
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Chapter 4 Water Permeability All te
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4.1 Water Permeability of Synthetic
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 69 The hi
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 71 has an
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 73 Counte
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.5 Diffusion and Viscous Transport
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4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
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Problems 121 Our present knowledge
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Solutions 123 5. Ca 2+ , because se
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126 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes
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8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
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8.2 Solute Mobility in Cuticles 239
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.4 Thermal Expansion of CM, MX, Cu
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Problems 257 E D (kJ/mol) DH S (kJ/
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Chapter 9 General Methods, Sources
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9.2 Testing Integrity of Isolated C
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9.4 Distribution of Water and Solut
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9.6 Cutin and Wax Analysis and Prep
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9.7 Measuring Water Permeability 26
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9.8 Measuring Solute Permeability 2
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276 Appendix A Abbreviations (conti
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278 Appendix A Symbols (continued)
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280 Appendix B Physico-chemical pro
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Appendix C Index of Plants Botanica
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References Abraham MH, McGowan JC (
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References 287 Doty PM, Aiken WH, M
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References 289 Kolattukudy P (2004)
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References 291 Sabljic A, Güsten H
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References 293 Schreiber L, Schönh
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Index 2,4-D, 46 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
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Index 297 leaf disks, 130 leaf surf
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Index 299 water molar volume, 110 p
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