Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

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Professor Dr. Lukas Schreiber Ecophysiology of Plants Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB) University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 53115 Bonn Germany lukas.schreiber@uni-bonn.de Dr. Jörg Schönherr Rübeland 6 29308 Winsen-Bannetze Germany joschoba@t-online.de ISBN 978-3-540-68944-7 e-ISBN 978-3-540-68945-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933369 c○ 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMX Design GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Preface Transport properties of plant cuticles are important for different fields of modern plant sciences. Ecologists and physiologists are interested in water losses to the environment via the cuticle. Penetration of plant protecting agents and nutrients into leaves and fruits is relevant for research in agriculture and plant protection. Ecotoxicologists need to know the amounts of environmental xenobiotics which accumulate in leaves and other primary plant organs from the environment. For all of these studies suitable methods should be used, and a sound theoretical basis helps to formulate testable hypotheses and to interpret experimental data. Unnecessary experiments and experiments which yield ambiguous results can be avoided. In this monograph, we have analysed on a molecular basis the movement of molecules across plant cuticles. Based on current knowledge of chemistry and structure of cuticles, we have characterised the aqueous and lipophilic pathways, the nature and mechanisms of mass transport and the factors controlling the rate of movement. We have focused on structure–property relationships for penetrant transport, which can explain why water and solute permeabilities of cuticles differ widely among plant species. Based on this knowledge, mechanisms of adaptation to environmental factors can be better understood, and rates of cuticular penetration can be optimised by plant physiologists and pesticide chemists. This monograph is a mechanistic analysis of foliar penetration. We have made no attempt to review and summarise data on foliar penetration of specific solutes into leaves of specific plant species under a specific set of environmental conditions. A number of reviews can be consulted if this is of interest (Cottrell 1987; Cutler et al. 1982; Holloway et al. 1994; Kerstiens 1996a; Riederer and Müller 2006). A wealth of additional literature is cited in these books. Once synthesised, the plant cuticle is a purely extra-cellular membrane, and metabolism or active transport which greatly affect transport across cytoplasmic membranes are not involved in cuticular penetration. For this reason, a number of books on sorption and diffusion in man-made polymeric membranes were sources of inspiration in writing this monograph. We drew heavily on the classical books by Crank (1975), Crank and Park (1968), Israelachvili (1991) and Vieth (1991). v
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Page 6 and 7: vi Preface This is not a review abo
Page 8 and 9: Contents 1 Chemistry and Structure
Page 10 and 11: Contents xi 4.6.3 Diffusion Coeffic
Page 12 and 13: Contents xiii 7.4.2 Effects of Plas
Page 14 and 15: 2 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuti
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Page 44 and 45: 2.1 Models for Analysing Mass Trans
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2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
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2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
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2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
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2.6 Determination of the Diffusion
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Solutions 51 2.7 Summary In this ch
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Chapter 3 Permeance, Diffusion and
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3.1 Units of Permeability 55 3.1.1
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3.1 Units of Permeability 57 identi
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3.3 Partition Coefficients 59 The d
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Chapter 4 Water Permeability All te
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4.1 Water Permeability of Synthetic
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 69 The hi
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 71 has an
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4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 73 Counte
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
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4.5 Diffusion and Viscous Transport
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4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
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Problems 121 Our present knowledge
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Solutions 123 5. Ca 2+ , because se
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126 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes
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146 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes
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206 7 Accelerators Increase Solute
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Chapter 8 Effects of Temperature on
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8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
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8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
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8.2 Solute Mobility in Cuticles 239
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
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8.4 Thermal Expansion of CM, MX, Cu
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Problems 257 E D (kJ/mol) DH S (kJ/
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Chapter 9 General Methods, Sources
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9.2 Testing Integrity of Isolated C
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9.4 Distribution of Water and Solut
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9.6 Cutin and Wax Analysis and Prep
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9.7 Measuring Water Permeability 26
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9.8 Measuring Solute Permeability 2
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276 Appendix A Abbreviations (conti
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278 Appendix A Symbols (continued)
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280 Appendix B Physico-chemical pro
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Appendix C Index of Plants Botanica
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References Abraham MH, McGowan JC (
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References 287 Doty PM, Aiken WH, M
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References 289 Kolattukudy P (2004)
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References 291 Sabljic A, Güsten H
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References 293 Schreiber L, Schönh
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Index 2,4-D, 46 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
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Index 297 leaf disks, 130 leaf surf
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Index 299 water molar volume, 110 p
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