Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

24 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuticles as Related to Water and Solute Permeability The chemical nature of the CP is a matter of debate (Jeffree 2006). Some workers believe that electron-lucent lamellae are waxes, while the more dense lamellae are made of cutin. This is pure speculation, because it has not been established that typical ester cutin is present in the CP at all. The mass of the CP is very small relative to the total mass of the CM, and constituents that occur only in traces might be lost during processing. After transesterification of cutin from positions 2–3 cm where the CP contributes most of the mass of the CM (Fig. 1.8), only nine n-fatty acid (C12, C14, C16 and C18) homologues have been identified which amounted to 52% of the total mass of cutin. The most frequent cutin acid (11%) was 9,10-epoxy-18hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (Riederer and Schönherr 1988). It is difficult to envision a polymer composed of 50% of simple fatty acids. The CP of Clivia cuticle survived extraction of CM with chloroform (Fig. 1.9) and exhibited heavy contrast. Electron-lucent lamellae were preserved, and this is unlikely to happen if they were made of waxes. The CL was differentiated into an external (ECL) and internal (ICL) layer, with large differences in contrast. Since the specimen was extracted, penetration by KMnO4 was not hindered by waxes, and failure of the ECL to develop contrast indicates that reactive groups had been eliminated during cutan formation. Fig. 1.9 Transverse section of a polymer matrix membrane obtained from the adaxial surface of a young Clivia miniata leaf. The MX was stained with KMnO4 prior to embedding, and sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. (Taken from Schmidt and Schönherr 1982)
1.4 Fine Structure of Cuticles 25 Fig. 1.10 Transverse sections of Clivia polymer matrix treated with BF3–MeOH. Sections were stained with lead citrate. (Taken from Schmidt and Schönherr 1982) The presence of cutan in the ECL is clearly seen in a specimen extracted with chloroform and depolymerised with BF3–MeOH (Fig. 1.10). This treatment eliminated ester cutin and left cutan and the polar polymers behind. These polar polymers strongly reacted with lead citrate applied as section stain. Cutan did not exhibit any fine structure, and it is not known if this is due to failure of uranyl acetate to penetrate cutan and/or the embedding medium. Periclinal penetration of KMnO4 during en block staining was considerably faster in electron dense lamellae than in electron-lucent lamellae of Agave and Clivia cuticles (Wattendorff and Holloway 1984), but the contribution of the lamellated CP to water or solute permeability of CM has not been studied and is not known. Schmidt et al. (1981) studied water permeability of isolated Clivia CM and MX. Water permeability of young and mature CM was the same, but extracting
Page 2 and 3: Water and Solute Permeability of Pl
Page 4 and 5: Professor Dr. Lukas Schreiber Ecoph
Page 6 and 7: vi Preface This is not a review abo
Page 8 and 9: Contents 1 Chemistry and Structure
Page 10 and 11: Contents xi 4.6.3 Diffusion Coeffic
Page 12 and 13: Contents xiii 7.4.2 Effects of Plas
Page 14 and 15: 2 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cuti
Page 22 and 23: 10 1 Chemistry and Structure of Cut
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 Quantitative Description
Page 44 and 45: 2.1 Models for Analysing Mass Trans
Page 50 and 51: 2.3 Steady State Diffusion Across a
Page 52 and 53: 2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 54 and 55: 2.4 Steady State Diffusion of a Sol
Page 56 and 57: 2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 58 and 59: 2.5 Diffusion Across a Membrane wit
Page 60 and 61: 2.6 Determination of the Diffusion
Page 62 and 63: Solutions 51 2.7 Summary In this ch
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Permeance, Diffusion and
Page 66 and 67: 3.1 Units of Permeability 55 3.1.1
Page 68 and 69: 3.1 Units of Permeability 57 identi
Page 70 and 71: 3.3 Partition Coefficients 59 The d
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 4 Water Permeability All te
Page 74 and 75: 4.1 Water Permeability of Synthetic
Page 76 and 77: 4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
Page 78 and 79: 4.2 Isoelectric Points of Polymer M
Page 80 and 81: 4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 69 The hi
Page 82 and 83: 4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 71 has an
Page 84 and 85: 4.3 Ion Exchange Capacity 73 Counte
Page 86 and 87:
4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
Page 88 and 89:
4.4 Water Vapour Sorption and Perme
Page 90 and 91:
4.5 Diffusion and Viscous Transport
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
4.6 Water Permeability of Isolated
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Problems 121 Our present knowledge
Page 134 and 135:
Solutions 123 5. Ca 2+ , because se
Page 136 and 137:
126 5 Penetration of Ionic Solutes
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
146 6 Diffusion of Non-Electrolytes
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
206 7 Accelerators Increase Solute
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 8 Effects of Temperature on
Page 244 and 245:
8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
Page 246 and 247:
8.1 Sorption from Aqueous Solutions
Page 248 and 249:
8.2 Solute Mobility in Cuticles 239
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
Page 258 and 259:
8.3 Water Permeability in CM and MX
Page 260 and 261:
8.4 Thermal Expansion of CM, MX, Cu
Page 262 and 263:
8.5 Water Permeability of Synthetic
Page 264 and 265:
8.5 Water Permeability of Synthetic
Page 266 and 267:
Problems 257 E D (kJ/mol) DH S (kJ/
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 9 General Methods, Sources
Page 270 and 271:
9.2 Testing Integrity of Isolated C
Page 272 and 273:
9.4 Distribution of Water and Solut
Page 274 and 275:
9.6 Cutin and Wax Analysis and Prep
Page 276 and 277:
9.7 Measuring Water Permeability 26
Page 278 and 279:
9.8 Measuring Solute Permeability 2
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
276 Appendix A Abbreviations (conti
Page 286 and 287:
278 Appendix A Symbols (continued)
Page 288 and 289:
280 Appendix B Physico-chemical pro
Page 290 and 291:
Appendix C Index of Plants Botanica
Page 292 and 293:
References Abraham MH, McGowan JC (
Page 294 and 295:
References 287 Doty PM, Aiken WH, M
Page 296 and 297:
References 289 Kolattukudy P (2004)
Page 298 and 299:
References 291 Sabljic A, Güsten H
Page 300 and 301:
References 293 Schreiber L, Schönh
Page 302 and 303:
Index 2,4-D, 46 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
Page 304 and 305:
Index 297 leaf disks, 130 leaf surf
Page 306:
Index 299 water molar volume, 110 p
show all

Water and Solute Permeability of Plant Cuticles: Measurement and ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?