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62 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Aprfl, these pipes and the metal deliecting-plate, and a current of air is drawn into the furnace througli the opening shown at B, in Fig. 4. In Fig. 1, O represents the usual flre-brick arch, which causes the gases to circulate around the upper part of the fire-box before en- FiG. 8.— The "Cylindrical Deflecting Plate." Fig. 4.— The Mouth of the Firnace. tering the tul)es. It is claimed that this device increases the efficiency of the locomotive, and cftectively does away with smoke and sparks when using bituminous coal. In conclusion, we must express our thanks to Mr. W. E. Lockwood of 251 South Tliird street. Philadelphia, to whom we are indebted for sketches and other information used in the j^reiiaration of this article.
1893.] THE LOCOMOTIVE. 63 Must the Silk Worm Go? A report has hecn received at the State Dei)artineiit from Consul Loomis, of St. Ktioiine, jj^iving some interesting details and information in regard to tlie Cliardonnet jtrocess of converting wood pulp into silk. This report will soon bflwpublished and dis- tributed as a general answer to numerous iiujuiries about the process. Of course the great ipiestion has been as to whether the new discovery could be made practicably use- ful and valuable. Consul Loomis tliiidvs that this question has been answered in tlie affirmative by M. De Chanhjnnet, who has built a mill at Besancon, where the "silk " is now being manufactured. The raw material is made from wood pulp, which is carefully dried in an oven and plunged in a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, then washed several times in water and dried by alcohol. The ])roduct thus prepared is dissolved in ether and l)ure alcohol, and the result is collodion, similar to that used in photography. This collodion, which is sticky and viscous, is enclosed in a solid receptacle, furnished with a filter in the lower end. Au air pump sends compressed air into the receptacle, and by its pressure the coUo -dion is passed through the filter, which removes all impurities and flows into a tube placed horizontally. This tube is armed with iJOO cocks, of which the spouts are made of glass and ))ierced by a small hole of the diameter of the thread of a cocoon as it is spun by the silk worm. The spinner opens the cock, and the collodion issues in a thread of extreme (h:;licacy (it takes six to make a thread of the necessary consistence for weaving). This thread is not, however, fit to be rolled on the spools, by reason of its viscosity and softness ; the matter is as yet collodion and not silk. To prochice the necessary hanbiess, the inventor resorted to a very inorenious but simple method. The little glass tul)e already mentioned is surrounded by a small reservoir of the same material constantly filled with water. When the thread issues from the aperture in the manner described, it traverses this water, which takes up the ether and alcohol, and then the collodion becomes solidified; that is to say. it is transformed into an elastic thread as resisting and brilliant as ordinary silk. On account of the materials employed the stuff manufactured was found to be dangerously inflanimal)le — its original combustil)ility Ijeing at the alarming rate of two centimetres [four-fifths of an inch] a second. Mr. Loomis says that M. De Chardonnet has apparently removed this difficulty "by ))lunging the spun thread into a solution of ammonia, thus rendering it as slow of conibusti(jn as any otlier material." The consul adds: " This discovery seems to have a great future. I have talked with a great many silk merchants, brokers, dyers, and men who manufacture silk goods, about the Chardonnet method of ])roducing raw silk from wood, and it is universally admitted that the process will eventually yield large, practicable, and profitable results. A great step has been made toward this end in reducing the inflammability of the Chardonnet silk. Another practical difficulty to be remedied in the invention is the frequent snapping of the slender threads issuing from the cylinder by reason of unequal pressure. This makes it impossible to maintain a standard quality for the outjnit, and consequently there may be produced five pounds of excellent silk followed by five pounds of a comparatively worthless quality. This difficulty is being overcome, I am told, but until it is completely removed men of large means will not invest largely in the stock of the
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^ rtE.'pTWE © (§) THE LOCOMOTIVE.
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THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, a o o M -
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6 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January. In both
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3 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Januahy, been em
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^Q THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, ])rove
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112 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July. Incorpor
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114 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, to whi
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116 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, tion.
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118 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, (147.)
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-120 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, A lar
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•J22 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, git
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124 THE LOCOMOTIVE [August, hard en
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126 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, The Bu
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128 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August. Incorp
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^30 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, pau
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132 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September,. iu
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-[34 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, Fi
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136 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, .35
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138 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, add
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140 THE LOCOMOTIVE lSeptember, On a
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d42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, cas
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144 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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146 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobek, in pl
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i48 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Natur
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[50 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Curti
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^54 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobeb, Mkt e
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-[56 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Tlie
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158 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Of co
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162 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, that
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: 16^4 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [XOVEMLER, I
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166 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, boil
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168 THE LOCOMOTIVE. Sit Ktttmttit c
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170 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, KILL
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172 THE LOCOMOTIVE [November, Boile
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174 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [:November, sel
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178 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, grap
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: 180 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, In
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^82 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, that
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184 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, HART
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186 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, The
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188 THE LOCOMOTIVE [Decembeb, angle
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190 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, Such
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i92 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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INDEX, Equivalent of heat, redeterm
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