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66 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, much as we please, it is always a matter of opinion whether the strength obtained in this way is sufficient to make u}} for that lost by cutting out the hole. We say it is a matter of opinion, because, although there are rules for this re-enforcement, it does not appear that these rules are based either on a mathematical analysis of the strains, or on the results of extensive experiments. The mathematical questions involved in this problem are of such a character that it is doubtful if many men are competent to handle them; and those who are or have been competent seem to have overlooked the problem f Fig. 3. — Illustrating the Tendency to Deform the Dome. or avoided it. So far as experiments are concerned, we should not know where to look for satisfactory data of this kind, on which to base a rule. Such rules as there are seem to be empirical, and must be regarded merely as an expression of what past experience in the manufacture and use of boilers has indicated to be sufficient, supplemented, per- haps, by a few general mechanical considerations of the most elementary nature. This being the fact, it must be evident that the best thing to do, if domes are to be used at all, is to so proportion the opening in the shell that there can be no reasonalJe doubt about the strength of the structure; we must err on the safe side. Now certainly it is not erring on the safe side to cut the opening in the shell the full size of the dome; for whatever doubt there may be about the value of that part of the shell that lies within the dome, it has never been maintained, so far as we know, that the shell is stronger when this part is entirely removed than when it is left. The girthwise strain on a boiler is well known to be double the lengthwise strain; so the tendency of the strains in the shell is to distort the dome in such a way as to increase the diameter in a direction perpendicular to the length of the boiler. (Fig. 2 illustrates this action. The opening
1893. THE LOCOMo'll \ E, 67 in the shell is shown as equal to the full diameter of the dome, and the dotted lines indicate the shape into which the shell-strain tends to pull the dome.) This deforming tendency of the shell-strain is resisted hy two thin
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PRESENTED BY y rv
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~\; -^ A .
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^ rtE.'pTWE © (§) THE LOCOMOTIVE.
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THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, a o o M -
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6 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January. In both
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3 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Januahy, been em
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^Q THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, ])rove
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42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January, Sit «
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14 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [January. After
Page 24 and 25: 16 TlIK hOCOMO'J'i Vi.. Incorporate
Page 26 and 27: 18 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [Februaky, stren
Page 28 and 29: 20 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [February, could
Page 30 and 31: 22 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [February, Natur
Page 32 and 33: 24 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Februart Paper
Page 34 and 35: 26 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [February, injur
Page 36 and 37: 28 THE LOCOMOTIVE. Pit *0tiim$tlt
Page 38 and 39: 30 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [February, jured
Page 40 and 41: 32 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTIV
Page 42 and 43: 34 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [March, pressure
Page 44 and 45: 36 T II E L () C O yi O T l\E. [Mar
Page 46 and 47: 38 'i^il^ LOCOMOTl V i:. [Makcu, (1
Page 48 and 49: 40 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [March, art & Co
Page 50 and 51: 42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [March, Ml ^^^'3
Page 52 and 53: 44 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Makch, should h
Page 54 and 55: ^(3 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [March, power o
Page 56 and 57: 48 Incorporated 1866. THE LOC (J MO
Page 58 and 59: 50 THE L O C O 31 U T I ^' E , [Apr
Page 60 and 61: 52 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, (This is
Page 62 and 63: 54 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, Castle,
Page 64 and 65: 56 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, sious ar
Page 66 and 67: 58 ' THE LOCOMOTIVE. [April, Hit St
Page 68 and 69: ,60 THE LOCOMOTIVE. L-^p«il, nortl
Page 70 and 71: 62 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Aprfl, these pi
Page 72 and 73: 64t Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
Page 76 and 77: 68 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, diameter o
Page 78 and 79: 70 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, by tirlce
Page 80 and 81: 72 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, Boiler Exp
Page 82 and 83: 74 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [May, HARTFORD,
Page 84 and 85: 76 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Mat, weeks amou
Page 86 and 87: '^8 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Ma\% coat-tail
Page 90 and 91: 82 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [June,
Page 92 and 93: 84 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, Boiler Ex
Page 94 and 95: 86 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, (105.)
Page 96 and 97: 88 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, The Heliu
Page 98 and 99: go THE LOCOMOTIVE. [JrxE, Mkt Elttt
Page 100 and 101: 92 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [June, ills lett
Page 102 and 103: •94 THE LOCOMOTIVE [June, .21 ia
Page 106 and 107: 98 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, worked ov
Page 108 and 109: : ^QO THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, Inspec
Page 110 and 111: 102 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, (132).
Page 112 and 113: 104 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, " The am
Page 114 and 115: 106 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, tttSttlt
Page 116 and 117: -iQQ THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July, and als
Page 118 and 119: 110 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July without t
Page 120 and 121: 112 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [July. Incorpor
Page 122 and 123: 114 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, to whi
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116 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, tion.
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118 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, (147.)
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-120 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, A lar
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•J22 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, git
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124 THE LOCOMOTIVE [August, hard en
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126 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August, The Bu
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128 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [August. Incorp
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^30 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, pau
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132 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September,. iu
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-[34 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, Fi
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136 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, .35
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138 THE LOCOMOTIVE, [September, add
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140 THE LOCOMOTIVE lSeptember, On a
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d42 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [September, cas
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144 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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146 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobek, in pl
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i48 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Natur
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[50 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Curti
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•152 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobeb, an
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^54 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [Octobeb, Mkt e
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-[56 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Tlie
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158 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [October, Of co
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162 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, that
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: 16^4 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [XOVEMLER, I
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166 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, boil
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168 THE LOCOMOTIVE. Sit Ktttmttit c
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170 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [November, KILL
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172 THE LOCOMOTIVE [November, Boile
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174 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [:November, sel
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178 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, grap
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: 180 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, In
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^82 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, that
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184 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, HART
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186 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, The
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188 THE LOCOMOTIVE [Decembeb, angle
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190 THE LOCOMOTIVE. [December, Such
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i92 Incorporated 1866. THE LOCOMOTI
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INDEX, Equivalent of heat, redeterm
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