Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 10.1 INTRODUCTION Refrigeration deals with the pumping out of heat, from a low-temperature heat source to a high-temperature heat sink, by using a low boiling temperature refrigerant. The cooling effect produced is quantified in tons of refrigeration. 1 ton of refrigeration = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected (pumped out) 10.2 TYPES OF APPLICATIONS Depending on applications, there are several options/combinations available for use, as listed below: • Air conditioning (for human comfort/machines) using Split air conditioners Fan coil units in a larger system Air handling units in a larger system • Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type similar to domestic refrigerators, small capacity refrigeration units. • Centralized chilled water plants, with chilled water as a secondary coolant for temperature range over 5 º C typically. They can also be used for ice bank formation. • Brine plants, which use brines as low-temperature secondary coolant, for typically sub-zero temperature applications, which come as modular unit capacities as well as large centralized plant capacities. • The plant capacities up to 50 TR are usually considered as small capacity, 50–250 TR as medium capacity and over 250 TR as large capacity units. • A large industry may have a bank of such units, often with common chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps, cooling towers, as an off-site utility. • A large industry may also have two or three levels of refrigeration & air conditioning such as: Comfort air conditioning (20 º –25 º C) Chilled water system (8 º –10 º C) Brine system (sub-zero applications) - 98 -
10.3 TYPES OF REFRIGERATION PLANTS 10.3.1 Vapor compression type Heat flows naturally from a hot to a colder body. In a refrigeration system, the opposite must occur: i.e., heat flows from a cold to a hotter body. This is achieved by using a refrigerant, which absorbs heat and hence boils or evaporates at a low pressure to form a gas. This gas is then compressed to a higher pressure, such that it transfers the heat it has gained to ambient air or water and turns it back (condenses it) into a liquid. In this way heat is absorbed, or removed, from a low temperature source and transferred to a higher temperature source. Figure 10-1 Vapor compression refrigeration 10.3.2 Vapor absorption type The absorption chiller is a machine which produces chilled water by using heat such as steam, hot water, gas, oil, etc. Chilled water is produced by the principle that liquid (refrigerant), which evaporates at low temperature, absorbs heat from its surroundings when it evaporates. Pure water is used as refrigerant and lithium bromide solution is used as absorbent. Heat for the vapor absorption refrigeration system can be provided by waste heat extracted from process, diesel generator sets, etc. Absorption systems require electricity only to run the pumps. Depending on the temperature required and the power cost, it may even be economical to generate heat or steam to operate the absorption system. - 99 - Energy Efficiency in Refrigeration Systems
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2.5 Boiler water treatment 14 2.6 E
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7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PUMPS 64 7.
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LIST OF TABLES 1-1 Gross calorific
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FOREWORD With the rising costs of e
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