Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises Figure 3-2 Eestmating steam leakage Example: For a plume length of 700 mm, steam loss is 10 kg/hr. 3.9.2 Providing dry steam for the process Almost all heat transfer processes call for dry steam, and it is necessary to ensure dry steam conditions for efficient use. Wet steam can reduce plant productivity and product quality, and can cause damage to most items of equipment. Disadvantages of allowing wet steam include lower heat content, extended process time, irregular heating, creation of barriers to heat transfer, and overloading of steam traps. At the same time, superheated steam is not desirable for process heating because of its poor heat transfer coefficient; and it also takes time to give up superheat by conduction. The benefit of using dry steam is that heat transfer is rapid. To ensure dry steam for processing, steam separators may be fitted appropriately at the steam head and near steam use equipment. - 26 -
Energy Efficiency in Steam Distribution and Utilization Figure 3-3 Dry steam 3.9.3 Utilizing steam at the lowest acceptable pressure for the process The latent heat in steam reduces as the steam pressure increases. It is this latent heat of steam that takes part in the heating process when applied to a direct heating system. Thus, it is important that its value be kept as high as possible. This can only be achieved if we try to obtain lower steam pressures. As a guide, the steam should always be generated and distributed at the highest possible pressure, but utilized at as low a pressure as possible since it then has higher latent heat. However, it can also be seen from the steam tables that the lower the steam pressure, the lower will be its temperature. Since temperature is the driving force for the transfer of heat at lower steam pressure, the rate of heat transfer will be slower and the processing time greater. In equipment where fixed losses are high (e.g. big drying cylinders), there may even be an increase in steam consumption at lower pressures due to increased processing time. There are, however, several items of equipment with which one can profitably go in for lower pressures and realize economy in steam consumption without materially affecting production time. Depending on the equipment design, the lowest possible steam pressure with which the equipment can work should be selected without sacrificing either production time or steam consumption. 3.9.4 Insulation of steam pipelines and hot process equipment Heat can be lost due to radiation from steam pipes. For example, while lagging steam pipes, it is common to see flanges uncovered. An uncovered flange is equivalent to leaving 0.6m of pipeline unlagged. If a steam pipe 0.15m in diameter has 5 uncovered flanges, there would be a loss of heat equivalent to wasting 5 tons of coal or 3000 liters of oil a year. Uncovering is usually done to facilitate checking the condition of the flange, but at the cost of considerable heat loss. The remedy is to provide prefabricated insulation covers, which can be easily removed when necessary. The insulating materials used are cork, - 27 -
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10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REFRIGERAT
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12. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 12.
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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