Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises 1.6.4 Types of draft systems used in combustion The function of a draft in a combustion systems is to exhaust the products of combustion into the atmosphere. Natural draft: A natural draft is the draft produced by a chimney alone. It is caused by the difference in weight between the column of hot gas inside the chimney and the column of outside air at the same height and cross-section. Mechanical draft: A mechanical draft is a draft artificially produced by fans. (There are three basic types.) Forced draft: A forced draft system uses a fan to deliver the combustion air into the furnace, and to force combustion products to pass through the boiler/furnace and up the stack. Induced draft: An induced draft system provides suction at the chimney side, to evacuate products of combustion all through the furnace. The furnace is kept at a slight negative pressure below the atmospheric pressure. Balanced draft: A balanced draft is a combination of a forced and an induced draft system where a forced-draft fan pushes combustion air into the furnace and an induced-draft fan draws gases into the chimney, thereby providing a draft to remove the gases from the boiler (0.05 to 0.10 in. of water gauge below atmospheric pressure). In all the above mechanical draft systems, electric power is used for fan requirements. 1.7 KEY RESULT AREAS FOR COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY For energy efficiency in combustion systems, irrespective of the fuel used, the following are the key result areas to be pursued: • Ensuring proper fuel storage, handling, and preparation, for achieving good combustion conditions. • Avoiding partial load operations of combustion equipment. • Operating with minimum excess air for fuel economy. • Operating with lowest the possible stack temperature for fuel economy. • Operating with minimum amounts of combustibles in refuse (ash) and CO in flue gases. • Operating with variable speed options for fan motors, if capacity control is needed (rather than inefficient damper control operations) in order to achieve power savings. - 10 -
2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BOILERS 2.1 INTRODUCTION A boiler is an enclosed pressure vessel that provides means for combustion heat to be transferred into water until it becomes steam. The steam under pressure is then usable for providing heat for an industrial process. When water is boiled into steam, its volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This makes a boiler an extremely dangerous piece of equipment that must be treated with utmost care. A boiler system comprises three parts: 1. A feed water system, 2. A steam system, and 3. A fuel system. The feed water system provides water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves provide access for maintenance and repair. The steam system collects and controls the steam produced in the boiler. Steam is directed through a piping system to the point of use. Throughout the system, steam pressure is regulated using valves and checked with steam pressure gauges. The fuel system includes all the equipment used to provide fuel to generate the necessary heat. The equipment required in the fuel system depends on the type of fuel used by the system. 2.2 THE HEATING SURFACES IN A BOILER The amount of heating surface of a boiler is expressed in square meters. Any part of the boiler metal that actually contributes to making steam is a heating surface. The larger the heating surface a boiler has, the higher will be its capacity to raise steam. Heating surfaces can be classified into several types: 1. Radiant Heating Surfaces (direct or primary) include all water-backed surfaces that are directly exposed to the radiant heat of the combustion flame. 2. Convection Heating Surfaces (indirect or secondary) include all those water-backed surfaces exposed only to hot combustion gases. 3. Extended Heating Surfaces include economizers and super heaters used in certain types of water tube boilers. - 11 -
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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