Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises Figure 10-2 Vapor absorption refrigeration 10.4 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT Specific power consumption, kW/TR, is a useful indicator of the performance of a refrigeration system. By measuring refrigeration duty performed in TR and the kW input, kW/TR is brought out as a performance indicator and used as a reference energy performance indicator. The refrigeration TR is assessed as where TR = Q ×Cp × (Ti – To) / 3024 TR is cooling TR effect produced Q is mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr Cp is coolant specific heat in kCal/kg/ º C Ti is inlet temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in º C To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in º C Power consumption In a centralized chilled water system, apart from the compressor unit, power is also consumed by the chilled water (secondary) coolant pump as well as the condenser water (for heat rejection to cooling tower) pump and cooling tower fan in the cooling tower. Effectively, the overall energy consumption would be towards: • Compressor kW • Chilled water pump kW - 100 -
• Condenser water pump kW • Cooling tower fan kW TR= Q×p×(hin-hout) 3024 where Q is the air flow in m 3 /h p is density of air kg/m 3 h in is enthalpy of inlet air kCal/kg h out is enthalpy of outlet air kCal/kg Use of psychometric charts can help to calculate hin and hout from dry bulb and wet bulb temperature values, which are measured during trials. Power measurements at compressors, pumps, AHU fans, and cooling tower fans can be accomplished by a portable load analyzer. Estimation of process air conditioning load is also possible, by calculating various heat loads (sensible and latent), based on inlet and outlet air parameters, air ingress factors, air flow, occupancy pattern, and type of materials stored. An indicative TR load profile for comfort air conditioning is presented as follows: • Small office cabins = 0.1 TR/m 2 • Medium-size offices, i.e., = 0.06 TR/m 2 10–30 person occupancy with central A/C • Large multistoried office = 0.04 TR/ m 2 complexes with central A/C - 101 - Energy Efficiency in Refrigeration Systems • kW/TR of refrigeration plant = sum of all above kW/TR In field performance assessment, accurate instruments for inlet and outlet chilled water temperature and condenser water temperature measurement are required, preferably with a least count of 0.1 º C. Flow measurements of chilled water can be made by an ultrasonic flow meter directly or inferred from pump duty parameters. Adequacy check of chilled water is often needed, and most units are designed for a typical 0.68 m 3 /hr per TR (3 gpm/TR) chilled water flow. Condenser water flow measurement can also be made by a non-contact flow meter directly or inferred from pump duty parameters. Adequacy check of condenser water is also often needed, and most units are designed for a typical 0.91 m 3 /hr per TR (4 gpm/TR) condenser water flow. In case of air conditioning units, the air flow at the Fan Coil Units (FCU) or the Air Handling Units (AHU) can be measured with an anemometer. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures are measured at the inlet and outlet of AHU or the FCU, and the refrigeration load in TR is assessed as
Page 2 and 3:
The opinions expressed in this publ
Page 4 and 5:
2.5 Boiler water treatment 14 2.6 E
Page 6 and 7:
7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PUMPS 64 7.
Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF TABLES 1-1 Gross calorific
Page 10 and 11:
6-1 Induction motor 56 6-2 Boosting
Page 12 and 13:
FOREWORD With the rising costs of e
Page 14 and 15:
Training M
Page 16 and 17:
Training M
Page 18 and 19:
Training M
Page 20 and 21:
Training M
Page 22 and 23:
Training M
Page 24 and 25:
Training M
Page 26 and 27:
Training M
Page 28 and 29:
Training M
Page 30 and 31:
Training M
Page 32 and 33:
Training M
Page 34 and 35:
Training M
Page 36 and 37:
Training M
Page 38 and 39:
Training M
Page 40 and 41:
Training M
Page 42 and 43:
Training M
Page 44 and 45:
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN FURNACES 4.
Page 46 and 47:
Training M
Page 48 and 49:
Training M
Page 50 and 51:
Training M
Page 52 and 53:
Training M
Page 54 and 55:
Training M
Page 56 and 57:
Training M
Page 58 and 59:
Training M
Page 60 and 61:
Training M
Page 62 and 63: Training M
Page 68 and 69: 6. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRIC MO
Page 76 and 77: 7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PUMPS 7.1 P
Page 88 and 89: 8. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN FANS 8.1 IN
Page 100 and 101: 9. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN COMPRESSED
Page 110 and 111: 10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REFRIGERAT
Page 132 and 133: 12. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 12.
Page 136 and 137: Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
show all

Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?