Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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LIST OF TABLES 1-1 Gross calorific values of fuels 2 1-2 Viscosity and pumping temperature 7 2-1 Oxygen coutent and excess air 15 2-2 Boiler specifications 19 3-1 Extract from the steam table 23 3-2 Quantity of heat lost at different temperatures 28 4-1 Radiant heat loss comparison at various temperatures 37 4-2 Pusher type billet reheating furnaces (for rolling mills) 39 4-3 Pusher type forging furnaces 39 4-4 Heat loss in flue gas based on excess air level 40 5-1 Multipliers to determine capacitor KVAR reguired for power factor correction 54 7-1 Calculating pump energy efficiency 74 8-1 Types of fans, characteristics, and typical applications 78-79 8-2 Measurements of air flow 82 9-1 Adsorbents used to dry air 90 9-2 Maintenance factors affecting power consumption 94 10-1 Effect of variation in evaporator temperature on compressor power consumption 102 10-2 Effect of variation in condenser temperature on compressor power consumption 103 10-3 Effect of poor maintenance on compressor power consumption 104 - viii -
LIST OF FIGURES 1-1 Examples of spontaneous combustion 3 1-2 Temperature and viscosity 6 1-3 Example of chemical reaction producing combustion 9 3-1 Phase diagram 22 3-2 Estimating steam leakage 26 3-3 Dry steam 27 4-1 Furnace classification 32 4-2 Basic diagram of furnace operation 34 4-3 Furnace efficiency 35 4-4 Black body radiation 37 4-5 Burner alignment and heat distribution 41 4-6 Waste heat diagram 42 4-7 Heat exchanger 42 4-8 Convection recuperators 43 4-9 Regenerative burners 44 4-10 Use of ceramic fiber 45 5-1 Maximum demand curve 48 5-2 Time-integrated demand 48 5-3 Load shifting 49 5-4 Using ice storage to reduce peak demand 50 5-5 Maximizing capacity 51 5-6 Capacitor array 52 - ix -
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10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REFRIGERAT
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12. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 12.
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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