Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises Figure 4-2 Basic diagram of furnace operation 4.6.2 Rerolling mill furnaces i) Batch type furnaces Batch type furnaces are used for heating scrap, small ingots, and billets weighing 2–20 kg. For batch type rerolling, charging and discharging of the “material” is done manually, and the final product is in the form of rods, strips, etc. The operating temperature is 1200 º C. The total cycle time can be divided into heat-up time and rerolling time. ii) Continuous pusher type furnaces The process flow and operating cycles of a continuous pusher type of furnace is the same as that of a batch furnace. The operating temperature is 1250 º C. The material or stock recovers a part of the heat in flue gases as it moves down the length of the furnace. Heat absorption by the material in the furnace is slow, steady, and uniform throughout the cross-section compared with a batch type furnace. 4.7 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A TYPICAL FURNACE A furnace heat balance will have the components shown in Figure 4-3. It can be seen that some of these losses do not exist in equipment like boilers, which is the reason why boilers are often much more efficient than furnaces. - 34 -
4.7.1 Furnace efficiency Figure 4-3 Furnace efficiency - 35 - Energy Efficiency in Furnaces Normal furnace losses include the following: • Heat storage in the furnace structure; • Losses from the furnace outside walls or structure; • Heat transported out of the furnace by the load conveyors, fixtures, trays; • Radiation losses from openings, hot exposed parts, etc.; • Heat carried by cold air infiltration into the furnace; and • Heat carried by the excess air used in the burners. The efficiency of a furnace is the ratio of useful output to heat input. The furnace efficiency can be determined by both a direct and an indirect method. Direct method testing The efficiency of the furnace can be computed by measuring the amount of fuel consumed per unit weight of material produced from the furnace. Thermal efficiency of the fumance= Q=mxCpx(t2-t1) Heat in the stock Heat in the fuel consumed The quantity of heat to be imparted (Q) to the stock can be found from the formula
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9. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN COMPRESSED
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10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN REFRIGERAT
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12. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 12.
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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