Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises • Too short a flame indicates high excess air, and air supply to burners should be adjusted for a light hazy brown color at the chimney. LPG 1.5 GASEOUS FUELS LPG is a mixture of gases, predominantly propane and butane with a small percentage of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains (propylene and butylene). It is gaseous at normal atmospheric pressure, but may be condensed to a liquid state at normal temperature by the application of moderate pressure. Liquid LPG evaporates to produce about 250 times the volume of gas. Its vapor is denser than air. Natural gas Methane is the main constituent of natural gas, accounting for about 95% of the total volume. Other components are ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and nitrogen. The content of sulphur is negligible. Natural gas is lighter than air and disperses into air easily. 1.5.1 Gaseous fuel combustion Combustion of gaseous fuels is similar to that of liquid fuels; in fact, highest efficiencies can be achieved with gaseous fuels, as very good atomization conditions can be achieved. 1.6 COMBUSTION • Combustion is a high-speed, high-temperature chemical reaction in which the rapid union of an element or compound with oxygen liberate heat – controlled explosion. • Combustion occurs when elements of fuel such as carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen. (see Figure 1-3). 1.6.1 Chemical reactions involved in combustion of fuels C + O2 CO2 + 8084 kcals/kg of carbon 2C + O2 2 CO + 2430 kcals/kg of carbon 2H 2 + O2 2H2O + 28,922 kcals/kg of hydrogen S + O2 SO2 + 2,224 kcals/kg of sulphur - 8 -
Figure 1-3 Example of chemical reaction producing combustion 1.6.2 The three T’s (Temperature, Time, Turbulence) involved in combustion efficiency Time All combustion reactions require sufficient time (residence time) for completion, or else incomplete and inefficient combustion results. Temperature The temperature around the fuel release area at the burner tip must be must be greater than ignition temperature, or else incomplete combustion results. Turbulence Proper turbulence close to the flame area helps to bring fuel and air into intimate contact and provides ideal conditions for complete combustion. 1.6.3 Three types of combustion • Perfect combustion is achieved when all the fuel is burnt, using only the theoretically ideal amount of air, but perfect combustion can rarely be achieved in practice. • Good/complete combustion is achieved when all the fuel is burnt, using the minimal amount of excess air (over and above the theoretically ideal amount of air needed to burn the fuel). Complete combustion with minimum excess air is always our goal since heat losses due to high excess air in flue gases are unaffordable and unacceptable from the efficiency point of view. • Incomplete combustion occurs when the fuel is not completely burnt and some escapes as CO in flue gases or as unburnts in refuse, both of which result in high losses and low efficiency. Flue gas analysis of combustion is important, as it helps us to achieve efficient combustion conditions by controlling excess air and reducing CO in flue gases. - 9 - Fuels and Combustion
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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