Training Manual on Energy Efficiency - APO Asian Productivity ...

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<strong>Training</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> on Energy Efficiency for Small and Medium Enterprises • Investigate cycle times and avoid extended hours of runtime and excess heating. • Provide temperature controllers. • Ensure that the flame does not touch the stock. Insulation • Repair damaged insulation. • Use an infrared gun to check for hot wall areas during hot weather. • Ensure that all insulated surfaces are clad with aluminum lining. • Insulate all flanges, valves, and couplings. Waste heat recovery • Recover maximum heat from flue gases. • Ensure upkeep of heating surfaces by regular cleaning. - 46 -
5. ELECTRICAL LOAD MANAGEMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION In industrial type electricity billing, where mostly a two-part tariff is adopted, the consumer pays for two components: • For the maximum demand (kVA) recorded during billing duration; and • For the energy (kWh) consumed during billing duration. Electrical load management for a company involves measures to reduce maximum demand and to improve power factors so that the maximum demand charges are minimized. Energy consumption mainly relates to end-use equipment efficiency and can be reduced by various relevant measures. 5.2 MAXIMUM DEMAND BASICS Maximum demand charges relate to the fixed cost of capacity blocked to be provided for serving a consumer’s needs. A tri-vector meter installed at the consumer end records the maximum demand registered by a consumer during billing duration, apart from other important consumption features like active power (kWh), reactive power (kVarh), apparent power (kVah), and power factor (PF). At present many utilities have a “time of day tariff” in place, and charge a consumer variable rates for maximum demand drawn during different times of day. For instance, there could be lower rates for night hours when the utility is lightly loaded and higher rates during evening hours when utilities are stretched to meet maximum load demands. It would thus help to study the load curve patterns and, based on prevalent tariff structure provisions, optimize maximum demand to save on maximum demand charges. 5.2.1 Load curve of a plant From Figure 5-1, one can see that demand varies from time to time, due to the combination of users and consumption of electricity changing all the time. The demand is measured over a predetermined time interval and averaged out for the interval as shown by the horizontal dotted line. - 47 -
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2.5 Boiler water treatment 14 2.6 E
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7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN PUMPS 64 7.
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Annex S. No. Enconomic Opportunity
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