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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences
Page 1: COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CULTURE,
Page 5 and 6: © 1999 Massachusetts Institute of
Page 8: List of Entries ix Preface xiii Phi
Page 11 and 12: x List of Entries Darwin, Charles 2
Page 13 and 14: xii List of Entries Propositional A
Page 15 and 16: xiv Preface assigning some articles
Page 17 and 18: xvi Philosophy types of things inte
Page 19 and 20: xviii Philosophy There are two reas
Page 21 and 22: xx Philosophy remains one that has
Page 23 and 24: xxii Philosophy First, ordinary lan
Page 25 and 26: xxiv Philosophy mind-brain identity
Page 27 and 28: xxvi Philosophy 5 The Mind in Cogni
Page 29 and 30: xxviii Philosophy objects of folk p
Page 31 and 32: xxx Philosophy step with scientific
Page 33 and 34: xxxii Philosophy of intentionality
Page 35 and 36: xxxiv Philosophy MODAL LOGIC; POSSI
Page 37 and 38: xxxvi Philosophy Chomsky, N. (1959)
Page 40 and 41: Psychology Keith J. Holyoak Psychol
Page 42 and 43: 2 Capsule History of Psychology Psy
Page 44 and 45: Psychology xliii senses, memory sto
Page 46 and 47: Psychology xlv Meanwhile, the birth
Page 48 and 49: Psychology xlvii tionship to work i
Page 50: Psychology xlix Holyoak, K. J., and
Page 53 and 54:
lii Neurosciences 2 Origins of Cogn
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liv Neurosciences elements. He soon
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lvi Neurosciences further fueled by
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lviii Neurosciences COLOR VISION (s
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lx Neurosciences a convergence of i
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lxii Neurosciences Decoupling Sensa
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lxiv Neurosciences clinical interve
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lxvi Neurosciences See also BASAL G
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lxviii Neurosciences See also APHAS
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lxx Neurosciences Desimone, R., and
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lxxii Neurosciences Cohen, N. J., a
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lxxiv Computational Intelligence th
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lxxvi Computational Intelligence pl
Page 79 and 80:
lxxviii Computational Intelligence
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lxxx Computational Intelligence See
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lxxxii Computational Intelligence h
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lxxxiv Computational Intelligence a
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lxxxvi Computational Intelligence d
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lxxxviii Computational Intelligence
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xc Computational Intelligence Shapi
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xcii Linguistics and Language Behin
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xciv Linguistics and Language that
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xcvi Linguistics and Language langu
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xcviii Linguistics and Language (13
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c Linguistics and Language In rough
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cii Linguistics and Language The ta
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civ Linguistics and Language Notice
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cvi Linguistics and Language langua
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cviii Linguistics and Language 4 Co
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Culture, Cognition, and Evolution D
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Culture, Cognition, and Evolution c
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2 Culture in an Evolutionary and Co
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Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Aboutness See INTENTIONALITY; NARRO
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Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnab
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a blizzard, or being warmed, like a
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Salthouse 1991). Hypotheses based o
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See also AGING AND COGNITION; IMPLI
Page 144 and 145:
Algorithm An algorithm is a recipe,
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ship of 0.50. They could also be ha
Page 148 and 149:
The pupil is the object of a relati
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Hamann, S. B., L. Stefanacci, L. R.
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when the nonsolvers were given the
Page 154 and 155:
A question that has been debated is
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structure, climate, time of day, co
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also called path integration (see G
Page 160 and 161:
Both activation of the vestibular s
Page 162 and 163:
Then why do young children, even wh
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Davidson, D. (1980). Mental events.
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Architecture See COGNITIVE ARCHITEC
Page 168 and 169:
Lindblom, B. E. F., and J. E. F. Su
Page 170 and 171:
per I beni Culturali e Ambientali U
Page 172 and 173:
Besides its theoretical interest, A
Page 174 and 175:
At the same time, selectivities in
Page 176 and 177:
frontal cortex and subcortical visu
Page 178 and 179:
on rapid processing. A skilled read
Page 180 and 181:
second stage requires effort and at
Page 182 and 183:
The interference one sound causes i
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auditory stimulus features (reviewe
Page 186 and 187:
effective stimulation of the cochle
Page 188 and 189:
central auditory system. This probl
Page 190 and 191:
either the perception of acoustic s
Page 192 and 193:
outward manifestation is subject to
Page 194 and 195:
and then printing on one square of
Page 196 and 197:
von Neumann, J. (1951). The general
Page 198 and 199:
tity claim obviously implies the de
Page 200 and 201:
he found in story recall could be a
Page 202 and 203:
1989; McKee et al. 1990). There is
Page 204 and 205:
Next, we expand the likelihood p(D|
Page 206 and 207:
Figure 1. A Bayesian network repres
Page 208 and 209:
“move-to-light” at a higher lev
Page 210 and 211:
Kaelbling, L. (1993). Learning in E
Page 212 and 213:
Skinner, take a different tack and
Page 214 and 215:
has been associated with phonologic
Page 216 and 217:
is associated with strong inhibitor
Page 218 and 219:
Binding Problem Binding is the prob
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nition of a local domain, these are
Page 222 and 223:
erably more sensitive and cannot be
Page 224 and 225:
For example, he called the semantic
Page 226 and 227:
Studies in ECONOMICS AND COGNITIVE
Page 228 and 229:
sciousness are “separable” in t
Page 230 and 231:
Further Readings Baddeley, A., and
Page 232 and 233:
The detailed study of the nervous s
Page 234 and 235:
continues to revolve around these t
Page 236 and 237:
engendering derivational structures
Page 238 and 239:
dubbed the “basic level,” seems
Page 240 and 241:
understood to cause butter to melt.
Page 242 and 243:
problem, one promising approach inv
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elationships are adaptively altered
Page 246 and 247:
and similar form, which suggests th
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Calderwood, B., G. A. Klein, and B.
Page 250 and 251:
theory. The general formulation req
Page 252 and 253:
The notion of grammatical equivalen
Page 254 and 255:
events in the environment are assoc
Page 256 and 257:
archaeology, it now plays only a ma
Page 258 and 259:
the imprint of which can be found o
Page 260 and 261:
y looking at the display in a parti
Page 262 and 263:
and the eventual induction of abstr
Page 264 and 265:
descriptions exist in the form of p
Page 266 and 267:
ing paradigm as used by experimenta
Page 268 and 269:
ure/ground organization. The semant
Page 270 and 271:
O’keefe, J., and L. Nadel. (1978)
Page 272 and 273:
ehavior to varying degrees of frequ
Page 274 and 275:
St. John, M. F., and J. L. McClella
Page 276 and 277:
Fodor, J. A., and Z. W. Pylyshyn. (
Page 278 and 279:
Zollinger, H. (1979). Correlations
Page 280 and 281:
Buchsbaum, G., and A. Gottschalk. (
Page 282 and 283:
Each cerebral hemisphere has about
Page 284 and 285:
anecdotally, but experimentally in
Page 286 and 287:
Another type of context-sensitive e
Page 288 and 289:
design stage, are unlikely to be as
Page 290 and 291:
neural net, characterized as a vect
Page 292 and 293:
References Cherniak, C. (1986). Min
Page 294 and 295:
ecent work on computational lexicon
Page 296 and 297:
an ALGORITHM that analyzes a senten
Page 298 and 299:
column and ocular dominance column
Page 300 and 301:
are initiated and carried to other
Page 302 and 303:
the problem of how to recognize wor
Page 304 and 305:
ited from” the meanings and inten
Page 306 and 307:
ate physical constraints that captu
Page 308 and 309:
well as a diversity of calcium memb
Page 310 and 311:
Concepts are considered to play an
Page 312 and 313:
Bruner, J. S., J. J. Goodnow, and G
Page 314 and 315:
ensuing incommensurability have bee
Page 316 and 317:
implied. The hungry rat that presse
Page 318 and 319:
discrete behavioral responses learn
Page 320 and 321:
former is properly construed; moreo
Page 322 and 323:
matical analysis—detailed compute
Page 324 and 325:
the question of how consciousness c
Page 326 and 327:
Churchland, P. M. (1985). Reduction
Page 328 and 329:
Engel, S., X. Zhang, and B. Wandell
Page 330 and 331:
(i.e., determining a function of th
Page 332 and 333:
See also MEANING; PRAGMATICS; QUANT
Page 334 and 335:
Brémaud, P. (1981). Point Processe
Page 336 and 337:
Cortical Localization, History of D
Page 338 and 339:
Spillane, J. (1981). The Doctrine o
Page 340 and 341:
creole has been used to characteriz
Page 342 and 343:
Assumption 2: Local Independence. T
Page 344 and 345:
terms or notions of family and race
Page 346 and 347:
around the world. “Universalism w
Page 348 and 349:
ence between communities is not an
Page 350 and 351:
Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining Cult
Page 352 and 353:
turned long-entrenched biological a
Page 354 and 355:
weighted by their probability of oc
Page 356 and 357:
Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Judgment and
Page 358 and 359:
induction. Journal of Artificial In
Page 360 and 361:
Density Estimation See UNSUPERVISED
Page 362 and 363:
interval from the observer increase
Page 364 and 365:
Development See COGNITIVE DEVELOPME
Page 366 and 367:
Polanyi, L., and R. J. H. Scha. (19
Page 368 and 369:
expect. The notion “possible spee
Page 370 and 371:
• Microfeatures Sometimes individ
Page 372 and 373:
insensitive to revision via experie
Page 374 and 375:
dominance such that dominant indivi
Page 376 and 377:
sciousness from waking to dreaming.
Page 378 and 379:
sis that the target is itself dynam
Page 380 and 381:
and the second term is the estimate
Page 382 and 383:
References Benthem, J. F. A. K. van
Page 384 and 385:
ipsilateral and contralateral cereb
Page 386 and 387:
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psy
Page 388 and 389:
Suga, N., H. Niwa, I. Taniguchi, an
Page 390 and 391:
Gibson, E. J. (1994). Has psycholog
Page 392 and 393:
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the “f
Page 394 and 395:
Johnson, E. J., J. Hershey, J. Mesz
Page 396 and 397:
Figure 1. The characteristic time-v
Page 398 and 399:
Eliminative Materialism Eliminative
Page 400 and 401:
Horgan, T., and J. Woodward. (1985)
Page 402 and 403:
Hempel, C. G., and P. Oppenheim. (1
Page 404 and 405:
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988). The co
Page 406 and 407:
See also EMOTIONS; EMOTION AND THE
Page 408 and 409:
action and that have recurred durin
Page 410 and 411:
organism (or system) is equivalent
Page 412 and 413:
in one or both systems. And the two
Page 414 and 415:
might deploy a powerful intellectua
Page 416 and 417:
importance of probabilistic feature
Page 418 and 419:
There is increasing evidence that t
Page 420 and 421:
of cultural models of emotion. Emot
Page 422 and 423:
Lorenz, between appetitive (i.e., p
Page 424 and 425:
combines five main ideas: 1. The li
Page 426 and 427:
MORPHOLOGY, and SYNTAX, that intera
Page 428 and 429:
example, researchers in EVOLUTIONAR
Page 430 and 431:
probabilistic reasoning representat
Page 432 and 433:
in the speed of their thoughts or t
Page 434 and 435:
Mary’s action of working long hou
Page 436 and 437:
solver to solve problems more effic
Page 438 and 439:
Chalmers, D. (1996). The Conscious
Page 440 and 441:
the central retinal region known as
Page 442 and 443:
Mach, E. (1906/1959). Analysis of S
Page 444 and 445:
Growing acceptance of faces as a di
Page 446 and 447:
Possibly the whole sensory cortex s
Page 448 and 449:
eans” maps our knowledge of someo
Page 450 and 451:
See also DYNAMIC SEMANTICS; SEMANTI
Page 452 and 453:
Hunn, E. (1976). Toward a perceptua
Page 454 and 455:
tion in the degree to which empiric
Page 456 and 457:
culminated in Principia Mathematica
Page 458 and 459:
frame-based systems may offer more
Page 460 and 461:
Ford, K., and Z. Pylyshyn, Eds. (19
Page 462 and 463:
ecause they were subject to rationa
Page 464 and 465:
Broca, P. (1861a). Perte de la paro
Page 466 and 467:
kinds are identified by their mater
Page 468 and 469:
Pylyshyn, Z. (1985). Computation an
Page 470 and 471:
esearch. In each case, certain prac
Page 472 and 473:
The simplest game is a two-player z
Page 474 and 475:
Simple finite sets of rules can des
Page 476 and 477:
References Bresnan, J., and R. Kapl
Page 478 and 479:
Figure 1. including surroundedness
Page 480 and 481:
Table 1. Comparison of conventional
Page 482 and 483:
Koffka, K. (1963). Principles of Ge
Page 484 and 485:
Gibson, E. J. (1969). Principles of
Page 486 and 487:
ies and their protoplasmic extensio
Page 488 and 489:
References Berndt, R., C. Mitchum,
Page 490 and 491:
Bresnan, J., and J. Kanerva. (1989)
Page 492 and 493:
References Cook, S. A. (1971). The
Page 494 and 495:
which are rapidly adapting, have la
Page 496 and 497:
A feature’s value is of one of fo
Page 498 and 499:
Another use of head movement has be
Page 500 and 501:
For Hebb “the problem of understa
Page 502 and 503:
Hemispheric Specialization The mode
Page 504 and 505:
Differences in the fine dendritic s
Page 506 and 507:
An algorithm that is well suited to
Page 508 and 509:
esiding at high, intermediate, and
Page 510 and 511:
Peterson, M. A., L. Nadel, P. Bloom
Page 512 and 513:
HMMs See HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS Hopfi
Page 514 and 515:
the goal is, what the possible path
Page 516 and 517:
co-occurrences and its underlying c
Page 518 and 519:
nonmentalistic terms. Dennett (1978
Page 520 and 521:
Imagery The term imagery is inheren
Page 522 and 523:
Chambers, D., and D. Reisberg. (198
Page 524 and 525:
McDonough, L., J. M. Mandler, R. D.
Page 526 and 527:
standardized nonliterality). Anothe
Page 528 and 529:
The exploration of implicit memory
Page 530 and 531:
Evans, G. (1981). Understanding dem
Page 532 and 533:
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of La
Page 534 and 535:
“inductive” is used in the sens
Page 536 and 537:
A variant of this method is based o
Page 538 and 539:
sage is related to its UNCERTAINTY
Page 540 and 541:
thought or intention. Sounds and ma
Page 542 and 543:
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION after all. How
Page 544 and 545:
Posner, M. I., and R. F. Mitchell.
Page 546 and 547:
speaking, unnecessary for our under
Page 548 and 549:
or translated into someone else’s
Page 550 and 551:
spectator . . . the second is the a
Page 552 and 553:
Trevarthen, C. (1994). Infant semio
Page 554 and 555:
Rosenthal, D. M. (Forthcoming). Con
Page 556 and 557:
that has survived, in Darwinian fas
Page 558 and 559:
Given the applied interests of deci
Page 560 and 561:
dent propositions. Thus, the cohere
Page 562 and 563:
systems, see Clancey 1983, 1985; Sw
Page 564 and 565:
eview. Speaking of them as expert s
Page 566 and 567:
ecause the state has changed this n
Page 568 and 569:
minimalist flavor of telegrams and
Page 570 and 571:
acknowledge that language acquisiti
Page 572 and 573:
“unintelligent” and encapsulate
Page 574 and 575:
Hockett, C. F. (1978). In search of
Page 576 and 577:
language processing (along with soc
Page 578 and 579:
John Lucy, an anthropologist, has w
Page 580 and 581:
1997). Tallal and colleagues have s
Page 582 and 583:
patients who have suffered strokes
Page 584 and 585:
left-handers and right-handers, or
Page 586 and 587:
eduction only of Fodor’s strong v
Page 588 and 589:
example, will find at least one lem
Page 590 and 591:
identify differences and so point t
Page 592 and 593:
animal behavior, graduating in 1910
Page 594 and 595:
opportunity to discover a general r
Page 596 and 597:
See also INNATENESS OF LANGUAGE; LE
Page 598 and 599:
Figure 1. Simplified constituent st
Page 600 and 601:
Zaenen, A. (1994). Unaccusativity i
Page 602 and 603:
Pustejovsky, J. (1995). The Generat
Page 604 and 605:
Shallice, T. (1988). From Neuropsyc
Page 606 and 607:
portions of larger units (e.g., onl
Page 608 and 609:
Schneider, F., R. E. Gur, L. H. Moz
Page 610 and 611:
uistic investigation of linguistic
Page 612 and 613:
empirical question of which grammar
Page 614 and 615:
Soames, S. (1984). Linguistics and
Page 616 and 617:
guistics is usually considered a br
Page 618 and 619:
FORM. To this end, many different f
Page 620 and 621:
“Every linguist has read Syntacti
Page 622 and 623:
notation free of such confusion, de
Page 624 and 625:
Logical Reasoning Systems Logical r
Page 626 and 627:
elates of associativity and coopera
Page 628 and 629:
he developed the systematic approac
Page 630 and 631:
Whiten, A. (1993). Deception in ani
Page 632 and 633:
High Quality Machine Translation) t
Page 634 and 635:
TMI. (1997). Proceedings of the Con
Page 636 and 637:
Malik, J., and R. Rosenholtz. (1997
Page 638 and 639:
tific, and Religious Thinking in Co
Page 640 and 641:
Purcell, E. M., H. C. Torrey, and R
Page 642 and 643:
Mishra, Schwartz, and Sharir 1987;
Page 644 and 645:
Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automati
Page 646 and 647:
demonstration of the action of stry
Page 648 and 649:
ory reflected the growth of relativ
Page 650 and 651:
memory, where, as we have seen, the
Page 652 and 653:
Uncertainty about the function of t
Page 654 and 655:
The brain is highly specialized and
Page 656 and 657:
including epinephrine, modulate mem
Page 658 and 659:
less attractive. Surely the content
Page 660 and 661:
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and F. Savary
Page 662 and 663:
according to which a representation
Page 664 and 665:
the typical characterization of ind
Page 666 and 667:
of the intermediate orientations—
Page 668 and 669:
See also COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; FOL
Page 670 and 671:
analogical reasoning (Gentner and M
Page 672 and 673:
Quinn, N. (1997). Research on share
Page 674 and 675:
and J. F. Lemmer, Eds., Uncertainty
Page 676 and 677:
Sperber, D. (1994). Understanding v
Page 678 and 679:
Further Readings Halle, M., and S.
Page 680 and 681:
tion of the form “How is A relate
Page 682 and 683:
As articulated by Chomsky (1995), m
Page 684 and 685:
insist that the restated data be pr
Page 686 and 687:
Figure 1. belief state to decide ho
Page 688 and 689:
are often written G and H, with the
Page 690 and 691:
Hughlings-Jackson, J. (1873). On th
Page 692 and 693:
classes of information from other i
Page 694 and 695:
Modulation of Memory See MEMORY STO
Page 696 and 697:
and has nothing to do with meaningf
Page 698 and 699:
tional steps and corresponding neur
Page 700 and 701:
alteration in her intake patterns.
Page 702 and 703:
ficient effort, while people in the
Page 704 and 705:
vagaries associated with any intera
Page 706 and 707:
MRI See MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Page 708 and 709:
Figure 1. Multisensory integration
Page 710 and 711:
See also DOMAIN SPECIFICITY; HUMAN
Page 712 and 713:
Kaiser, M. K., D. R. Proffitt, S. M
Page 714 and 715:
egister of speech for a particular
Page 716 and 717:
sidering. This approach, however, i
Page 718 and 719:
In short, nativists and empiricists
Page 720 and 721:
the simpler empiricist hypothesis.
Page 722 and 723:
(2) At what point do children acqui
Page 724 and 725:
In the example, the specification (
Page 726 and 727:
finding relevant pages on the world
Page 728 and 729:
The most surprising insight of mole
Page 730 and 731:
Neural Networks The study of neural
Page 732 and 733:
etinal activity. Some of the molecu
Page 734 and 735:
abbit following stimulation of the
Page 736 and 737:
Cahill, L., B. Prins, M. Weber, and
Page 738 and 739:
and the emergence of the new field
Page 740 and 741:
See also MEMORY STORAGE, MODULATION
Page 742 and 743:
a feature or a problem. On the one
Page 744 and 745:
Poole, D. (1988). A logical framewo
Page 746 and 747:
Object Recognition, Animal Studies
Page 748 and 749:
See also HIGH-LEVEL VISION; MEMORY,
Page 750 and 751:
ather than the association of store
Page 752 and 753:
movement control must be accomplish
Page 754 and 755:
ungrammatical (e.g., RELATIONAL GRA
Page 756 and 757:
in the perception of pain. For any
Page 758 and 759:
MOVEMENT), or to (“weak” vs.
Page 760 and 761:
Further Readings Adone, D. (1994).
Page 762 and 763:
Jefferys, W., and J. Berger. (1992)
Page 764 and 765:
Geman, S., E. Bienenstock, and R. D
Page 766 and 767:
including heart rate and electrophy
Page 768 and 769:
Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origins of
Page 770 and 771:
Speech acoustics concerns the prope
Page 772 and 773:
flor-al, plur-al, later-al. If the
Page 774 and 775:
See also PHONOLOGY, ACQUISITION OF;
Page 776 and 777:
Kuhl, P. K., K. A. Williams, F. Lac
Page 778 and 779:
Demonet, J. F., J. A. Fiez, E. Paul
Page 780 and 781:
Feigl, H. (1958). The “mental”
Page 782 and 783:
(a) (c) revealing glimpse of the sh
Page 784 and 785:
Further Readings Gombrich, E. H. (1
Page 786 and 787:
Partial-plan search spaces lend the
Page 788 and 789:
exploring the relationships between
Page 790 and 791:
Figure 1. Four different hierarchic
Page 792 and 793:
Posner, M. I., and M. E. Raichle. (
Page 794 and 795:
egardless of whether negative evide
Page 796 and 797:
given language? (2) What are the fa
Page 798 and 799:
other than Marcia has a bicycle but
Page 800 and 801:
cognitive mechanisms. Here, I tackl
Page 802 and 803:
Povinelli, D. J., K. E. Nelson, and
Page 804 and 805:
and Communication: Comparative Pers
Page 806 and 807:
Probability, Foundations of Accordi
Page 808 and 809:
spaces exhaustively, and humans req
Page 810 and 811:
Notice that at the outset, the cond
Page 812 and 813:
etween the agent and the world (see
Page 814 and 815:
word from prosodic structure above
Page 816 and 817:
with deaccentuation reflects direct
Page 818 and 819:
sort that cognitive science now aim
Page 820 and 821:
experienced as performing essential
Page 822 and 823:
corner of his room,” even though
Page 824 and 825:
A first skeptical question is this:
Page 826 and 827:
Qualia The terms quale and qualia (
Page 828 and 829:
cats are grey becomes “For all ob
Page 830 and 831:
These are the famous T-sentences. I
Page 832 and 833:
To conclude, some vigilance about u
Page 834 and 835:
Elster, J. (1986). The Multiple Sel
Page 836 and 837:
techniques based on game theory (Ro
Page 838 and 839:
stand in opposition to Gestalt, beh
Page 840 and 841:
References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beg
Page 842 and 843:
Devitt, M. (1984). Realism and Trut
Page 844 and 845:
Figure 2. A generic recurrent netwo
Page 846 and 847:
limbic systems, then they will expe
Page 848 and 849:
an “ultimate” explanation of re
Page 850 and 851:
enables generalization between stat
Page 852 and 853:
Davies, W. (1986). Choctaw Verb Agr
Page 854 and 855:
liam JAMES (1902) they analyze extr
Page 856 and 857:
Figure 2. Photoreceptor spectral se
Page 858 and 859:
mation of symbolic representations.
Page 860 and 861:
maintain that a language’s gramma
Page 862 and 863:
aspect that sets Saussure’s views
Page 864 and 865:
The hallmark of experimental invest
Page 866 and 867:
Wiser, M., and S. Carey. (1983). Wh
Page 868 and 869:
Cassam, Q., Ed. (1994). Self-Knowle
Page 870 and 871:
Self-Organizing Systems Self-organi
Page 872 and 873:
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995). Dynamic Pat
Page 874 and 875:
interpretation relating expressions
Page 876 and 877:
own use of any in examples like thi
Page 878 and 879:
logical and dynamic nature that con
Page 880 and 881:
The reference of an expression is w
Page 882 and 883:
mation. In fact, one of the most re
Page 884 and 885:
Warren, P. (1996). Prosody and pars
Page 886 and 887:
Møller, A. P., M. Soler, and R. Th
Page 888 and 889:
ility that an object is recognized
Page 890 and 891:
hearing individuals, severe languag
Page 892 and 893:
1979; Siple and Fischer 1990). More
Page 894 and 895:
(a) (b) Figure 1. Distributions ass
Page 896 and 897:
Swets, J. A. (1986). Indices of dis
Page 898 and 899:
Ramscar, M., U. Hahn, E. Cambouropu
Page 900 and 901:
the electrical excitability of neur
Page 902 and 903:
Further Readings Button, G. (1993).
Page 904 and 905:
Eds., Everyday Cognition: Its Devel
Page 906 and 907:
As a function of the circadian rhyt
Page 908 and 909:
Further Readings Braun, A. R., T. J
Page 910 and 911:
Mombaerts, P., F. Wang, C. Dulac, S
Page 912 and 913:
The study of social cognition in an
Page 914 and 915:
directed toward another living bein
Page 916 and 917:
Sociobiology The term sociobiology
Page 918 and 919:
The variety of deficits observed fo
Page 920 and 921:
Behrmann, M., and S. P. Tipper. (19
Page 922 and 923:
egorize variants of speech sounds i
Page 924 and 925:
of the approach, a direct compariso
Page 926 and 927:
morphological processes from words
Page 928 and 929:
Figure 1. Selected drawings from ar
Page 930 and 931:
about spoken-word recognition make
Page 932 and 933:
utility of the outcome given the de
Page 934 and 935:
Shawe-Taylor, J. S., A. Macintyre,
Page 936 and 937:
espondences is itself a formidable
Page 938 and 939:
and as having common characteristic
Page 940 and 941:
tant features of the physiological
Page 942 and 943:
(2) On line 0 insert left parenthes
Page 944 and 945:
Figure 1. In both pairs of figures,
Page 946 and 947:
One commonly cited reason to favor
Page 948 and 949:
(Widrow and Hoff 1960; Rosenblatt 1
Page 950 and 951:
person’s right cheek. If the boun
Page 952 and 953:
Bill’s desires, so to speak. What
Page 954 and 955:
field of SYNTAX acquisition. The in
Page 956 and 957:
clauses (morphology aside) that dev
Page 958 and 959:
ing semantic type will be that of i
Page 960 and 961:
“types” is left unspecified at
Page 962 and 963:
with an early Upper Paleolithic ind
Page 964 and 965:
References Allen, J. (1983). Mainta
Page 966 and 967:
Teuber’s most important education
Page 968 and 969:
categories: texture and pattern. In
Page 970 and 971:
multiple levels of the somoatosenso
Page 972 and 973:
place at about this time. Wimmer an
Page 974 and 975:
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding th
Page 976 and 977:
Schleidt, M., and J. Kien. (1997).
Page 978 and 979:
Figure 1. ceding images as well as
Page 980 and 981:
of a particular surface property. F
Page 982 and 983:
Robinson, J. A. (1994). Logic, comp
Page 984 and 985:
they believe. But what the twins sa
Page 986 and 987:
Processing considerations seem to b
Page 988 and 989:
qualitative representations appear
Page 990 and 991:
Another model of unification, devel
Page 992 and 993:
sary to build a model of all the ir
Page 994 and 995:
See also BOUNDED RATIONALITY; ECONO
Page 996 and 997:
Validity See ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY; L
Page 998 and 999:
Such cells make extensive projectio
Page 1000 and 1001:
Visual Attention See ATTENTION; ATT
Page 1002 and 1003:
Lund, J. S., and T. Yoshioka. (1991
Page 1004 and 1005:
Andersen, R. A., L. H. Snyder, D. C
Page 1006 and 1007:
Visual Processing Streams Vision, m
Page 1008 and 1009:
Visual Word Recognition The goal of
Page 1010 and 1011:
and one short monograph on AUTOMATA
Page 1012 and 1013:
ing to social as well as individual
Page 1014 and 1015:
1980). The Ambler, a thirty-foot-ta
Page 1016 and 1017:
wh-phrase is interpreted. A questio
Page 1018 and 1019:
elated to cybernetics, constitutes
Page 1020 and 1021:
ight phonetic sequences remains to
Page 1022 and 1023:
working-memory task, but verbal sec
Page 1024 and 1025:
Figure 1. been recalled. It is impo
Page 1026 and 1027:
Figure 3. (Goldman-Rakic 1987; Mish
Page 1028 and 1029:
move away from prescription of “g
Page 1030 and 1031:
adolescence, he was able to enter m
Page 1032 and 1033:
tizer (the subordinating conjunctio
Page 1034 and 1035:
Contributors General Editors Robert
Page 1036 and 1037:
Eros Corazza University of Nottingh
Page 1038 and 1039:
Morris Halle Massachusetts Institut
Page 1040 and 1041:
William Lycan University of North C
Page 1042 and 1043:
Hillary R. Rodman Emory University
Page 1044:
Michael Tooley University of Colora
Page 1047 and 1048:
914 Name Index Ashlock, D., 295 Ash
Page 1049 and 1050:
916 Name Index Bozzi, P., 346, 348
Page 1051 and 1052:
918 Name Index Clements, W., 839, 8
Page 1053 and 1054:
920 Name Index Dufty, A., 24 Duhame
Page 1055 and 1056:
922 Name Index Gall, F. J., lii, 20
Page 1057 and 1058:
924 Name Index Haegeman, L., 852, 8
Page 1059 and 1060:
926 Name Index Husbands, P., 38, 39
Page 1061 and 1062:
928 Name Index Knudsen, E. I., 57,
Page 1063 and 1064:
930 Name Index Logothetis, N. K., l
Page 1065 and 1066:
932 Name Index Meyer, A., 459 Meyer
Page 1067 and 1068:
934 Name Index Odell, C. S., 136 Od
Page 1069 and 1070:
936 Name Index Raichle, M. E., 44,
Page 1071 and 1072:
938 Name Index Schlaggar, B. L., 59
Page 1073 and 1074:
940 Name Index Staddon, J. E. R., 2
Page 1075 and 1076:
942 Name Index Van Gelder, T., 265,
Page 1077 and 1078:
944 Name Index Wolf-Devine, C., 230
Page 1079 and 1080:
946 Subject Index Auditory physiolo
Page 1081 and 1082:
948 Subject Index Computational lea
Page 1083 and 1084:
950 Subject Index Education, xlviii
Page 1085 and 1086:
952 Subject Index H Habit learning,
Page 1087 and 1088:
954 Subject Index Know how strategy
Page 1089 and 1090:
956 Subject Index Memory (continued
Page 1091 and 1092:
958 Subject Index Optimality theory
Page 1093 and 1094:
960 Subject Index Rationalism vs. e
Page 1095 and 1096:
962 Subject Index Speech recognitio
Page 1097:
964 Subject Index WEAVER++ model, 1
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