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List of Entries ix Preface xiii Philosophy, Robert A. Wilson xv Psychology, Keith J. Holyoak xxxix Neurosciences, Thomas D. Albright and Helen J. Neville li Computational Intelligence, Michael I. Jordan and Stuart Russell lxxiii Linguistics and Language, Gennaro Chierchia xci Culture, Cognition, and Evolution, Dan Sperber and Lawrence Hirschfeld cxi The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences 1 List of Contributors 901 Name Index 913 Subject Index 933 Contents
Page 1 and 2: COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CULTURE,
Page 4 and 5: The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cogniti
Page 6: To the memory of Henry Bradford Sta
Page 11 and 12: x List of Entries Darwin, Charles 2
Page 13 and 14: xii List of Entries Propositional A
Page 15 and 16: xiv Preface assigning some articles
Page 17 and 18: xvi Philosophy types of things inte
Page 19 and 20: xviii Philosophy There are two reas
Page 21 and 22: xx Philosophy remains one that has
Page 23 and 24: xxii Philosophy First, ordinary lan
Page 25 and 26: xxiv Philosophy mind-brain identity
Page 27 and 28: xxvi Philosophy 5 The Mind in Cogni
Page 29 and 30: xxviii Philosophy objects of folk p
Page 31 and 32: xxx Philosophy step with scientific
Page 33 and 34: xxxii Philosophy of intentionality
Page 35 and 36: xxxiv Philosophy MODAL LOGIC; POSSI
Page 37 and 38: xxxvi Philosophy Chomsky, N. (1959)
Page 40 and 41: Psychology Keith J. Holyoak Psychol
Page 42 and 43: 2 Capsule History of Psychology Psy
Page 44 and 45: Psychology xliii senses, memory sto
Page 46 and 47: Psychology xlv Meanwhile, the birth
Page 48 and 49: Psychology xlvii tionship to work i
Page 50: Psychology xlix Holyoak, K. J., and
Page 53 and 54: lii Neurosciences 2 Origins of Cogn
Page 55 and 56: liv Neurosciences elements. He soon
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lvi Neurosciences further fueled by
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lviii Neurosciences COLOR VISION (s
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lx Neurosciences a convergence of i
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lxii Neurosciences Decoupling Sensa
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lxiv Neurosciences clinical interve
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lxvi Neurosciences See also BASAL G
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lxviii Neurosciences See also APHAS
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lxx Neurosciences Desimone, R., and
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lxxii Neurosciences Cohen, N. J., a
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lxxiv Computational Intelligence th
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lxxvi Computational Intelligence pl
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lxxviii Computational Intelligence
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lxxx Computational Intelligence See
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lxxxii Computational Intelligence h
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lxxxiv Computational Intelligence a
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lxxxvi Computational Intelligence d
Page 89 and 90:
lxxxviii Computational Intelligence
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xc Computational Intelligence Shapi
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xcii Linguistics and Language Behin
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xciv Linguistics and Language that
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xcvi Linguistics and Language langu
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xcviii Linguistics and Language (13
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c Linguistics and Language In rough
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cii Linguistics and Language The ta
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civ Linguistics and Language Notice
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cvi Linguistics and Language langua
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cviii Linguistics and Language 4 Co
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Culture, Cognition, and Evolution D
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Culture, Cognition, and Evolution c
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2 Culture in an Evolutionary and Co
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Aboutness See INTENTIONALITY; NARRO
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Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnab
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a blizzard, or being warmed, like a
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Salthouse 1991). Hypotheses based o
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See also AGING AND COGNITION; IMPLI
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Algorithm An algorithm is a recipe,
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ship of 0.50. They could also be ha
Page 148 and 149:
The pupil is the object of a relati
Page 150 and 151:
Hamann, S. B., L. Stefanacci, L. R.
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when the nonsolvers were given the
Page 154 and 155:
A question that has been debated is
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structure, climate, time of day, co
Page 158 and 159:
also called path integration (see G
Page 160 and 161:
Both activation of the vestibular s
Page 162 and 163:
Then why do young children, even wh
Page 164 and 165:
Davidson, D. (1980). Mental events.
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Architecture See COGNITIVE ARCHITEC
Page 168 and 169:
Lindblom, B. E. F., and J. E. F. Su
Page 170 and 171:
per I beni Culturali e Ambientali U
Page 172 and 173:
Besides its theoretical interest, A
Page 174 and 175:
At the same time, selectivities in
Page 176 and 177:
frontal cortex and subcortical visu
Page 178 and 179:
on rapid processing. A skilled read
Page 180 and 181:
second stage requires effort and at
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The interference one sound causes i
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auditory stimulus features (reviewe
Page 186 and 187:
effective stimulation of the cochle
Page 188 and 189:
central auditory system. This probl
Page 190 and 191:
either the perception of acoustic s
Page 192 and 193:
outward manifestation is subject to
Page 194 and 195:
and then printing on one square of
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von Neumann, J. (1951). The general
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tity claim obviously implies the de
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he found in story recall could be a
Page 202 and 203:
1989; McKee et al. 1990). There is
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Next, we expand the likelihood p(D|
Page 206 and 207:
Figure 1. A Bayesian network repres
Page 208 and 209:
“move-to-light” at a higher lev
Page 210 and 211:
Kaelbling, L. (1993). Learning in E
Page 212 and 213:
Skinner, take a different tack and
Page 214 and 215:
has been associated with phonologic
Page 216 and 217:
is associated with strong inhibitor
Page 218 and 219:
Binding Problem Binding is the prob
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nition of a local domain, these are
Page 222 and 223:
erably more sensitive and cannot be
Page 224 and 225:
For example, he called the semantic
Page 226 and 227:
Studies in ECONOMICS AND COGNITIVE
Page 228 and 229:
sciousness are “separable” in t
Page 230 and 231:
Further Readings Baddeley, A., and
Page 232 and 233:
The detailed study of the nervous s
Page 234 and 235:
continues to revolve around these t
Page 236 and 237:
engendering derivational structures
Page 238 and 239:
dubbed the “basic level,” seems
Page 240 and 241:
understood to cause butter to melt.
Page 242 and 243:
problem, one promising approach inv
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elationships are adaptively altered
Page 246 and 247:
and similar form, which suggests th
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Calderwood, B., G. A. Klein, and B.
Page 250 and 251:
theory. The general formulation req
Page 252 and 253:
The notion of grammatical equivalen
Page 254 and 255:
events in the environment are assoc
Page 256 and 257:
archaeology, it now plays only a ma
Page 258 and 259:
the imprint of which can be found o
Page 260 and 261:
y looking at the display in a parti
Page 262 and 263:
and the eventual induction of abstr
Page 264 and 265:
descriptions exist in the form of p
Page 266 and 267:
ing paradigm as used by experimenta
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ure/ground organization. The semant
Page 270 and 271:
O’keefe, J., and L. Nadel. (1978)
Page 272 and 273:
ehavior to varying degrees of frequ
Page 274 and 275:
St. John, M. F., and J. L. McClella
Page 276 and 277:
Fodor, J. A., and Z. W. Pylyshyn. (
Page 278 and 279:
Zollinger, H. (1979). Correlations
Page 280 and 281:
Buchsbaum, G., and A. Gottschalk. (
Page 282 and 283:
Each cerebral hemisphere has about
Page 284 and 285:
anecdotally, but experimentally in
Page 286 and 287:
Another type of context-sensitive e
Page 288 and 289:
design stage, are unlikely to be as
Page 290 and 291:
neural net, characterized as a vect
Page 292 and 293:
References Cherniak, C. (1986). Min
Page 294 and 295:
ecent work on computational lexicon
Page 296 and 297:
an ALGORITHM that analyzes a senten
Page 298 and 299:
column and ocular dominance column
Page 300 and 301:
are initiated and carried to other
Page 302 and 303:
the problem of how to recognize wor
Page 304 and 305:
ited from” the meanings and inten
Page 306 and 307:
ate physical constraints that captu
Page 308 and 309:
well as a diversity of calcium memb
Page 310 and 311:
Concepts are considered to play an
Page 312 and 313:
Bruner, J. S., J. J. Goodnow, and G
Page 314 and 315:
ensuing incommensurability have bee
Page 316 and 317:
implied. The hungry rat that presse
Page 318 and 319:
discrete behavioral responses learn
Page 320 and 321:
former is properly construed; moreo
Page 322 and 323:
matical analysis—detailed compute
Page 324 and 325:
the question of how consciousness c
Page 326 and 327:
Churchland, P. M. (1985). Reduction
Page 328 and 329:
Engel, S., X. Zhang, and B. Wandell
Page 330 and 331:
(i.e., determining a function of th
Page 332 and 333:
See also MEANING; PRAGMATICS; QUANT
Page 334 and 335:
Brémaud, P. (1981). Point Processe
Page 336 and 337:
Cortical Localization, History of D
Page 338 and 339:
Spillane, J. (1981). The Doctrine o
Page 340 and 341:
creole has been used to characteriz
Page 342 and 343:
Assumption 2: Local Independence. T
Page 344 and 345:
terms or notions of family and race
Page 346 and 347:
around the world. “Universalism w
Page 348 and 349:
ence between communities is not an
Page 350 and 351:
Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining Cult
Page 352 and 353:
turned long-entrenched biological a
Page 354 and 355:
weighted by their probability of oc
Page 356 and 357:
Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Judgment and
Page 358 and 359:
induction. Journal of Artificial In
Page 360 and 361:
Density Estimation See UNSUPERVISED
Page 362 and 363:
interval from the observer increase
Page 364 and 365:
Development See COGNITIVE DEVELOPME
Page 366 and 367:
Polanyi, L., and R. J. H. Scha. (19
Page 368 and 369:
expect. The notion “possible spee
Page 370 and 371:
• Microfeatures Sometimes individ
Page 372 and 373:
insensitive to revision via experie
Page 374 and 375:
dominance such that dominant indivi
Page 376 and 377:
sciousness from waking to dreaming.
Page 378 and 379:
sis that the target is itself dynam
Page 380 and 381:
and the second term is the estimate
Page 382 and 383:
References Benthem, J. F. A. K. van
Page 384 and 385:
ipsilateral and contralateral cereb
Page 386 and 387:
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psy
Page 388 and 389:
Suga, N., H. Niwa, I. Taniguchi, an
Page 390 and 391:
Gibson, E. J. (1994). Has psycholog
Page 392 and 393:
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the “f
Page 394 and 395:
Johnson, E. J., J. Hershey, J. Mesz
Page 396 and 397:
Figure 1. The characteristic time-v
Page 398 and 399:
Eliminative Materialism Eliminative
Page 400 and 401:
Horgan, T., and J. Woodward. (1985)
Page 402 and 403:
Hempel, C. G., and P. Oppenheim. (1
Page 404 and 405:
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988). The co
Page 406 and 407:
See also EMOTIONS; EMOTION AND THE
Page 408 and 409:
action and that have recurred durin
Page 410 and 411:
organism (or system) is equivalent
Page 412 and 413:
in one or both systems. And the two
Page 414 and 415:
might deploy a powerful intellectua
Page 416 and 417:
importance of probabilistic feature
Page 418 and 419:
There is increasing evidence that t
Page 420 and 421:
of cultural models of emotion. Emot
Page 422 and 423:
Lorenz, between appetitive (i.e., p
Page 424 and 425:
combines five main ideas: 1. The li
Page 426 and 427:
MORPHOLOGY, and SYNTAX, that intera
Page 428 and 429:
example, researchers in EVOLUTIONAR
Page 430 and 431:
probabilistic reasoning representat
Page 432 and 433:
in the speed of their thoughts or t
Page 434 and 435:
Mary’s action of working long hou
Page 436 and 437:
solver to solve problems more effic
Page 438 and 439:
Chalmers, D. (1996). The Conscious
Page 440 and 441:
the central retinal region known as
Page 442 and 443:
Mach, E. (1906/1959). Analysis of S
Page 444 and 445:
Growing acceptance of faces as a di
Page 446 and 447:
Possibly the whole sensory cortex s
Page 448 and 449:
eans” maps our knowledge of someo
Page 450 and 451:
See also DYNAMIC SEMANTICS; SEMANTI
Page 452 and 453:
Hunn, E. (1976). Toward a perceptua
Page 454 and 455:
tion in the degree to which empiric
Page 456 and 457:
culminated in Principia Mathematica
Page 458 and 459:
frame-based systems may offer more
Page 460 and 461:
Ford, K., and Z. Pylyshyn, Eds. (19
Page 462 and 463:
ecause they were subject to rationa
Page 464 and 465:
Broca, P. (1861a). Perte de la paro
Page 466 and 467:
kinds are identified by their mater
Page 468 and 469:
Pylyshyn, Z. (1985). Computation an
Page 470 and 471:
esearch. In each case, certain prac
Page 472 and 473:
The simplest game is a two-player z
Page 474 and 475:
Simple finite sets of rules can des
Page 476 and 477:
References Bresnan, J., and R. Kapl
Page 478 and 479:
Figure 1. including surroundedness
Page 480 and 481:
Table 1. Comparison of conventional
Page 482 and 483:
Koffka, K. (1963). Principles of Ge
Page 484 and 485:
Gibson, E. J. (1969). Principles of
Page 486 and 487:
ies and their protoplasmic extensio
Page 488 and 489:
References Berndt, R., C. Mitchum,
Page 490 and 491:
Bresnan, J., and J. Kanerva. (1989)
Page 492 and 493:
References Cook, S. A. (1971). The
Page 494 and 495:
which are rapidly adapting, have la
Page 496 and 497:
A feature’s value is of one of fo
Page 498 and 499:
Another use of head movement has be
Page 500 and 501:
For Hebb “the problem of understa
Page 502 and 503:
Hemispheric Specialization The mode
Page 504 and 505:
Differences in the fine dendritic s
Page 506 and 507:
An algorithm that is well suited to
Page 508 and 509:
esiding at high, intermediate, and
Page 510 and 511:
Peterson, M. A., L. Nadel, P. Bloom
Page 512 and 513:
HMMs See HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS Hopfi
Page 514 and 515:
the goal is, what the possible path
Page 516 and 517:
co-occurrences and its underlying c
Page 518 and 519:
nonmentalistic terms. Dennett (1978
Page 520 and 521:
Imagery The term imagery is inheren
Page 522 and 523:
Chambers, D., and D. Reisberg. (198
Page 524 and 525:
McDonough, L., J. M. Mandler, R. D.
Page 526 and 527:
standardized nonliterality). Anothe
Page 528 and 529:
The exploration of implicit memory
Page 530 and 531:
Evans, G. (1981). Understanding dem
Page 532 and 533:
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of La
Page 534 and 535:
“inductive” is used in the sens
Page 536 and 537:
A variant of this method is based o
Page 538 and 539:
sage is related to its UNCERTAINTY
Page 540 and 541:
thought or intention. Sounds and ma
Page 542 and 543:
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION after all. How
Page 544 and 545:
Posner, M. I., and R. F. Mitchell.
Page 546 and 547:
speaking, unnecessary for our under
Page 548 and 549:
or translated into someone else’s
Page 550 and 551:
spectator . . . the second is the a
Page 552 and 553:
Trevarthen, C. (1994). Infant semio
Page 554 and 555:
Rosenthal, D. M. (Forthcoming). Con
Page 556 and 557:
that has survived, in Darwinian fas
Page 558 and 559:
Given the applied interests of deci
Page 560 and 561:
dent propositions. Thus, the cohere
Page 562 and 563:
systems, see Clancey 1983, 1985; Sw
Page 564 and 565:
eview. Speaking of them as expert s
Page 566 and 567:
ecause the state has changed this n
Page 568 and 569:
minimalist flavor of telegrams and
Page 570 and 571:
acknowledge that language acquisiti
Page 572 and 573:
“unintelligent” and encapsulate
Page 574 and 575:
Hockett, C. F. (1978). In search of
Page 576 and 577:
language processing (along with soc
Page 578 and 579:
John Lucy, an anthropologist, has w
Page 580 and 581:
1997). Tallal and colleagues have s
Page 582 and 583:
patients who have suffered strokes
Page 584 and 585:
left-handers and right-handers, or
Page 586 and 587:
eduction only of Fodor’s strong v
Page 588 and 589:
example, will find at least one lem
Page 590 and 591:
identify differences and so point t
Page 592 and 593:
animal behavior, graduating in 1910
Page 594 and 595:
opportunity to discover a general r
Page 596 and 597:
See also INNATENESS OF LANGUAGE; LE
Page 598 and 599:
Figure 1. Simplified constituent st
Page 600 and 601:
Zaenen, A. (1994). Unaccusativity i
Page 602 and 603:
Pustejovsky, J. (1995). The Generat
Page 604 and 605:
Shallice, T. (1988). From Neuropsyc
Page 606 and 607:
portions of larger units (e.g., onl
Page 608 and 609:
Schneider, F., R. E. Gur, L. H. Moz
Page 610 and 611:
uistic investigation of linguistic
Page 612 and 613:
empirical question of which grammar
Page 614 and 615:
Soames, S. (1984). Linguistics and
Page 616 and 617:
guistics is usually considered a br
Page 618 and 619:
FORM. To this end, many different f
Page 620 and 621:
“Every linguist has read Syntacti
Page 622 and 623:
notation free of such confusion, de
Page 624 and 625:
Logical Reasoning Systems Logical r
Page 626 and 627:
elates of associativity and coopera
Page 628 and 629:
he developed the systematic approac
Page 630 and 631:
Whiten, A. (1993). Deception in ani
Page 632 and 633:
High Quality Machine Translation) t
Page 634 and 635:
TMI. (1997). Proceedings of the Con
Page 636 and 637:
Malik, J., and R. Rosenholtz. (1997
Page 638 and 639:
tific, and Religious Thinking in Co
Page 640 and 641:
Purcell, E. M., H. C. Torrey, and R
Page 642 and 643:
Mishra, Schwartz, and Sharir 1987;
Page 644 and 645:
Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automati
Page 646 and 647:
demonstration of the action of stry
Page 648 and 649:
ory reflected the growth of relativ
Page 650 and 651:
memory, where, as we have seen, the
Page 652 and 653:
Uncertainty about the function of t
Page 654 and 655:
The brain is highly specialized and
Page 656 and 657:
including epinephrine, modulate mem
Page 658 and 659:
less attractive. Surely the content
Page 660 and 661:
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and F. Savary
Page 662 and 663:
according to which a representation
Page 664 and 665:
the typical characterization of ind
Page 666 and 667:
of the intermediate orientations—
Page 668 and 669:
See also COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; FOL
Page 670 and 671:
analogical reasoning (Gentner and M
Page 672 and 673:
Quinn, N. (1997). Research on share
Page 674 and 675:
and J. F. Lemmer, Eds., Uncertainty
Page 676 and 677:
Sperber, D. (1994). Understanding v
Page 678 and 679:
Further Readings Halle, M., and S.
Page 680 and 681:
tion of the form “How is A relate
Page 682 and 683:
As articulated by Chomsky (1995), m
Page 684 and 685:
insist that the restated data be pr
Page 686 and 687:
Figure 1. belief state to decide ho
Page 688 and 689:
are often written G and H, with the
Page 690 and 691:
Hughlings-Jackson, J. (1873). On th
Page 692 and 693:
classes of information from other i
Page 694 and 695:
Modulation of Memory See MEMORY STO
Page 696 and 697:
and has nothing to do with meaningf
Page 698 and 699:
tional steps and corresponding neur
Page 700 and 701:
alteration in her intake patterns.
Page 702 and 703:
ficient effort, while people in the
Page 704 and 705:
vagaries associated with any intera
Page 706 and 707:
MRI See MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Page 708 and 709:
Figure 1. Multisensory integration
Page 710 and 711:
See also DOMAIN SPECIFICITY; HUMAN
Page 712 and 713:
Kaiser, M. K., D. R. Proffitt, S. M
Page 714 and 715:
egister of speech for a particular
Page 716 and 717:
sidering. This approach, however, i
Page 718 and 719:
In short, nativists and empiricists
Page 720 and 721:
the simpler empiricist hypothesis.
Page 722 and 723:
(2) At what point do children acqui
Page 724 and 725:
In the example, the specification (
Page 726 and 727:
finding relevant pages on the world
Page 728 and 729:
The most surprising insight of mole
Page 730 and 731:
Neural Networks The study of neural
Page 732 and 733:
etinal activity. Some of the molecu
Page 734 and 735:
abbit following stimulation of the
Page 736 and 737:
Cahill, L., B. Prins, M. Weber, and
Page 738 and 739:
and the emergence of the new field
Page 740 and 741:
See also MEMORY STORAGE, MODULATION
Page 742 and 743:
a feature or a problem. On the one
Page 744 and 745:
Poole, D. (1988). A logical framewo
Page 746 and 747:
Object Recognition, Animal Studies
Page 748 and 749:
See also HIGH-LEVEL VISION; MEMORY,
Page 750 and 751:
ather than the association of store
Page 752 and 753:
movement control must be accomplish
Page 754 and 755:
ungrammatical (e.g., RELATIONAL GRA
Page 756 and 757:
in the perception of pain. For any
Page 758 and 759:
MOVEMENT), or to (“weak” vs.
Page 760 and 761:
Further Readings Adone, D. (1994).
Page 762 and 763:
Jefferys, W., and J. Berger. (1992)
Page 764 and 765:
Geman, S., E. Bienenstock, and R. D
Page 766 and 767:
including heart rate and electrophy
Page 768 and 769:
Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origins of
Page 770 and 771:
Speech acoustics concerns the prope
Page 772 and 773:
flor-al, plur-al, later-al. If the
Page 774 and 775:
See also PHONOLOGY, ACQUISITION OF;
Page 776 and 777:
Kuhl, P. K., K. A. Williams, F. Lac
Page 778 and 779:
Demonet, J. F., J. A. Fiez, E. Paul
Page 780 and 781:
Feigl, H. (1958). The “mental”
Page 782 and 783:
(a) (c) revealing glimpse of the sh
Page 784 and 785:
Further Readings Gombrich, E. H. (1
Page 786 and 787:
Partial-plan search spaces lend the
Page 788 and 789:
exploring the relationships between
Page 790 and 791:
Figure 1. Four different hierarchic
Page 792 and 793:
Posner, M. I., and M. E. Raichle. (
Page 794 and 795:
egardless of whether negative evide
Page 796 and 797:
given language? (2) What are the fa
Page 798 and 799:
other than Marcia has a bicycle but
Page 800 and 801:
cognitive mechanisms. Here, I tackl
Page 802 and 803:
Povinelli, D. J., K. E. Nelson, and
Page 804 and 805:
and Communication: Comparative Pers
Page 806 and 807:
Probability, Foundations of Accordi
Page 808 and 809:
spaces exhaustively, and humans req
Page 810 and 811:
Notice that at the outset, the cond
Page 812 and 813:
etween the agent and the world (see
Page 814 and 815:
word from prosodic structure above
Page 816 and 817:
with deaccentuation reflects direct
Page 818 and 819:
sort that cognitive science now aim
Page 820 and 821:
experienced as performing essential
Page 822 and 823:
corner of his room,” even though
Page 824 and 825:
A first skeptical question is this:
Page 826 and 827:
Qualia The terms quale and qualia (
Page 828 and 829:
cats are grey becomes “For all ob
Page 830 and 831:
These are the famous T-sentences. I
Page 832 and 833:
To conclude, some vigilance about u
Page 834 and 835:
Elster, J. (1986). The Multiple Sel
Page 836 and 837:
techniques based on game theory (Ro
Page 838 and 839:
stand in opposition to Gestalt, beh
Page 840 and 841:
References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beg
Page 842 and 843:
Devitt, M. (1984). Realism and Trut
Page 844 and 845:
Figure 2. A generic recurrent netwo
Page 846 and 847:
limbic systems, then they will expe
Page 848 and 849:
an “ultimate” explanation of re
Page 850 and 851:
enables generalization between stat
Page 852 and 853:
Davies, W. (1986). Choctaw Verb Agr
Page 854 and 855:
liam JAMES (1902) they analyze extr
Page 856 and 857:
Figure 2. Photoreceptor spectral se
Page 858 and 859:
mation of symbolic representations.
Page 860 and 861:
maintain that a language’s gramma
Page 862 and 863:
aspect that sets Saussure’s views
Page 864 and 865:
The hallmark of experimental invest
Page 866 and 867:
Wiser, M., and S. Carey. (1983). Wh
Page 868 and 869:
Cassam, Q., Ed. (1994). Self-Knowle
Page 870 and 871:
Self-Organizing Systems Self-organi
Page 872 and 873:
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995). Dynamic Pat
Page 874 and 875:
interpretation relating expressions
Page 876 and 877:
own use of any in examples like thi
Page 878 and 879:
logical and dynamic nature that con
Page 880 and 881:
The reference of an expression is w
Page 882 and 883:
mation. In fact, one of the most re
Page 884 and 885:
Warren, P. (1996). Prosody and pars
Page 886 and 887:
Møller, A. P., M. Soler, and R. Th
Page 888 and 889:
ility that an object is recognized
Page 890 and 891:
hearing individuals, severe languag
Page 892 and 893:
1979; Siple and Fischer 1990). More
Page 894 and 895:
(a) (b) Figure 1. Distributions ass
Page 896 and 897:
Swets, J. A. (1986). Indices of dis
Page 898 and 899:
Ramscar, M., U. Hahn, E. Cambouropu
Page 900 and 901:
the electrical excitability of neur
Page 902 and 903:
Further Readings Button, G. (1993).
Page 904 and 905:
Eds., Everyday Cognition: Its Devel
Page 906 and 907:
As a function of the circadian rhyt
Page 908 and 909:
Further Readings Braun, A. R., T. J
Page 910 and 911:
Mombaerts, P., F. Wang, C. Dulac, S
Page 912 and 913:
The study of social cognition in an
Page 914 and 915:
directed toward another living bein
Page 916 and 917:
Sociobiology The term sociobiology
Page 918 and 919:
The variety of deficits observed fo
Page 920 and 921:
Behrmann, M., and S. P. Tipper. (19
Page 922 and 923:
egorize variants of speech sounds i
Page 924 and 925:
of the approach, a direct compariso
Page 926 and 927:
morphological processes from words
Page 928 and 929:
Figure 1. Selected drawings from ar
Page 930 and 931:
about spoken-word recognition make
Page 932 and 933:
utility of the outcome given the de
Page 934 and 935:
Shawe-Taylor, J. S., A. Macintyre,
Page 936 and 937:
espondences is itself a formidable
Page 938 and 939:
and as having common characteristic
Page 940 and 941:
tant features of the physiological
Page 942 and 943:
(2) On line 0 insert left parenthes
Page 944 and 945:
Figure 1. In both pairs of figures,
Page 946 and 947:
One commonly cited reason to favor
Page 948 and 949:
(Widrow and Hoff 1960; Rosenblatt 1
Page 950 and 951:
person’s right cheek. If the boun
Page 952 and 953:
Bill’s desires, so to speak. What
Page 954 and 955:
field of SYNTAX acquisition. The in
Page 956 and 957:
clauses (morphology aside) that dev
Page 958 and 959:
ing semantic type will be that of i
Page 960 and 961:
“types” is left unspecified at
Page 962 and 963:
with an early Upper Paleolithic ind
Page 964 and 965:
References Allen, J. (1983). Mainta
Page 966 and 967:
Teuber’s most important education
Page 968 and 969:
categories: texture and pattern. In
Page 970 and 971:
multiple levels of the somoatosenso
Page 972 and 973:
place at about this time. Wimmer an
Page 974 and 975:
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding th
Page 976 and 977:
Schleidt, M., and J. Kien. (1997).
Page 978 and 979:
Figure 1. ceding images as well as
Page 980 and 981:
of a particular surface property. F
Page 982 and 983:
Robinson, J. A. (1994). Logic, comp
Page 984 and 985:
they believe. But what the twins sa
Page 986 and 987:
Processing considerations seem to b
Page 988 and 989:
qualitative representations appear
Page 990 and 991:
Another model of unification, devel
Page 992 and 993:
sary to build a model of all the ir
Page 994 and 995:
See also BOUNDED RATIONALITY; ECONO
Page 996 and 997:
Validity See ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY; L
Page 998 and 999:
Such cells make extensive projectio
Page 1000 and 1001:
Visual Attention See ATTENTION; ATT
Page 1002 and 1003:
Lund, J. S., and T. Yoshioka. (1991
Page 1004 and 1005:
Andersen, R. A., L. H. Snyder, D. C
Page 1006 and 1007:
Visual Processing Streams Vision, m
Page 1008 and 1009:
Visual Word Recognition The goal of
Page 1010 and 1011:
and one short monograph on AUTOMATA
Page 1012 and 1013:
ing to social as well as individual
Page 1014 and 1015:
1980). The Ambler, a thirty-foot-ta
Page 1016 and 1017:
wh-phrase is interpreted. A questio
Page 1018 and 1019:
elated to cybernetics, constitutes
Page 1020 and 1021:
ight phonetic sequences remains to
Page 1022 and 1023:
working-memory task, but verbal sec
Page 1024 and 1025:
Figure 1. been recalled. It is impo
Page 1026 and 1027:
Figure 3. (Goldman-Rakic 1987; Mish
Page 1028 and 1029:
move away from prescription of “g
Page 1030 and 1031:
adolescence, he was able to enter m
Page 1032 and 1033:
tizer (the subordinating conjunctio
Page 1034 and 1035:
Contributors General Editors Robert
Page 1036 and 1037:
Eros Corazza University of Nottingh
Page 1038 and 1039:
Morris Halle Massachusetts Institut
Page 1040 and 1041:
William Lycan University of North C
Page 1042 and 1043:
Hillary R. Rodman Emory University
Page 1044:
Michael Tooley University of Colora
Page 1047 and 1048:
914 Name Index Ashlock, D., 295 Ash
Page 1049 and 1050:
916 Name Index Bozzi, P., 346, 348
Page 1051 and 1052:
918 Name Index Clements, W., 839, 8
Page 1053 and 1054:
920 Name Index Dufty, A., 24 Duhame
Page 1055 and 1056:
922 Name Index Gall, F. J., lii, 20
Page 1057 and 1058:
924 Name Index Haegeman, L., 852, 8
Page 1059 and 1060:
926 Name Index Husbands, P., 38, 39
Page 1061 and 1062:
928 Name Index Knudsen, E. I., 57,
Page 1063 and 1064:
930 Name Index Logothetis, N. K., l
Page 1065 and 1066:
932 Name Index Meyer, A., 459 Meyer
Page 1067 and 1068:
934 Name Index Odell, C. S., 136 Od
Page 1069 and 1070:
936 Name Index Raichle, M. E., 44,
Page 1071 and 1072:
938 Name Index Schlaggar, B. L., 59
Page 1073 and 1074:
940 Name Index Staddon, J. E. R., 2
Page 1075 and 1076:
942 Name Index Van Gelder, T., 265,
Page 1077 and 1078:
944 Name Index Wolf-Devine, C., 230
Page 1079 and 1080:
946 Subject Index Auditory physiolo
Page 1081 and 1082:
948 Subject Index Computational lea
Page 1083 and 1084:
950 Subject Index Education, xlviii
Page 1085 and 1086:
952 Subject Index H Habit learning,
Page 1087 and 1088:
954 Subject Index Know how strategy
Page 1089 and 1090:
956 Subject Index Memory (continued
Page 1091 and 1092:
958 Subject Index Optimality theory
Page 1093 and 1094:
960 Subject Index Rationalism vs. e
Page 1095 and 1096:
962 Subject Index Speech recognitio
Page 1097:
964 Subject Index WEAVER++ model, 1
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