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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences EDITED BY Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
© 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences / edited by Robert A. Wilson, Frank C. Keil. p. cm. “A Bradford book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-73124-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Cognitive science—Encyclopedias I. Wilson, Robert A. (Robert Andrew) II. Keil, Frank C., 1952– . BF311.M556 1999 153’.03—dc21 99-11115 CIP
Page 1 and 2: COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CULTURE,
Page 6: To the memory of Henry Bradford Sta
Page 10 and 11: Acquisition, Formal Theories of 1 A
Page 12 and 13: Language Impairment, Developmental
Page 14 and 15: Preface The MIT Encyclopedia of the
Page 16 and 17: Philosophy Robert A. Wilson The are
Page 18 and 19: Philosophy xvii tion are constant a
Page 20 and 21: Philosophy xix by HELMHOLTZ, Weber,
Page 22 and 23: Philosophy xxi behavioral effects.
Page 24 and 25: Philosophy xxiii Malcolm’s point
Page 26 and 27: Philosophy xxv chemical kinds—suc
Page 28 and 29: Philosophy xxvii been to create pro
Page 30 and 31: Philosophy xxix Decade of the Brain
Page 32 and 33: Philosophy xxxi also being, to some
Page 34 and 35: All A are B. No B are C. No A are C
Page 36 and 37: Philosophy xxxv minds of other anim
Page 38: Philosophy xxxvii Pinker, S. (1997)
Page 41 and 42: xl Psychology human CHESS champion
Page 43 and 44: xlii Psychology Helmholtz’s insig
Page 45 and 46: xliv Psychology the idea that “ob
Page 47 and 48: xlvi Psychology the tradition of Gi
Page 49 and 50: xlviii Psychology in LOGIC. Althoug
Page 52 and 53: 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroscien
Page 54 and 55:
Neurosciences liii its more pragmat
Page 56 and 57:
Neurosciences lv activity (see ELEC
Page 58 and 59:
Neurosciences lvii immediate object
Page 60 and 61:
Neurosciences lix ules. At the pres
Page 62 and 63:
Neurosciences lxi the correlation b
Page 64 and 65:
Neurosciences lxiii ple of this typ
Page 66 and 67:
Neurosciences lxv such as those ass
Page 68 and 69:
Neurosciences lxvii LTP is commonly
Page 70 and 71:
Neurosciences lxix specific cogniti
Page 72 and 73:
Neurosciences lxxi Marr, D. (1982).
Page 74 and 75:
Computational Intelligence Michael
Page 76 and 77:
Computational Intelligence lxxv Bay
Page 78 and 79:
Computational Intelligence lxxvii a
Page 80 and 81:
Computational Intelligence lxxix et
Page 82 and 83:
Computational Intelligence lxxxi ri
Page 84 and 85:
Computational Intelligence lxxxiii
Page 86 and 87:
Computational Intelligence lxxxv SU
Page 88 and 89:
Computational Intelligence lxxxvii
Page 90 and 91:
Computational Intelligence lxxxix 1
Page 92 and 93:
Linguistics and Language Gennaro Ch
Page 94 and 95:
Linguistics and Language xciii (cf.
Page 96 and 97:
Linguistics and Language xcv follow
Page 98 and 99:
Linguistics and Language xcvii Ther
Page 100 and 101:
Linguistics and Language xcix wheth
Page 102 and 103:
Linguistics and Language ci THOUGHT
Page 104 and 105:
Linguistics and Language ciii for e
Page 106 and 107:
Linguistics and Language cv How do
Page 108 and 109:
Linguistics and Language cvii strea
Page 110:
Linguistics and Language cix Chung,
Page 113 and 114:
cxii Culture, Cognition, and Evolut
Page 115 and 116:
cxiv Culture, Cognition, and Evolut
Page 117 and 118:
cxvi Culture, Cognition, and Evolut
Page 119 and 120:
cxviii Culture, Cognition, and Evol
Page 121 and 122:
cxx Culture, Cognition, and Evoluti
Page 123 and 124:
cxxii Culture, Cognition, and Evolu
Page 125 and 126:
cxxiv Culture, Cognition, and Evolu
Page 127 and 128:
cxxvi Culture, Cognition, and Evolu
Page 129 and 130:
cxxviii Culture, Cognition, and Evo
Page 131 and 132:
cxxx Culture, Cognition, and Evolut
Page 133 and 134:
cxxxii Culture, Cognition, and Evol
Page 135 and 136:
2 Acquisition, Formal Theories of l
Page 137 and 138:
4 Affordances distinctive feature o
Page 139 and 140:
6 Agency characteristic of any part
Page 141 and 142:
8 Aging, Memory, and the Brain meas
Page 143 and 144:
10 AI and Education mostly just pre
Page 145 and 146:
12 A-Life idea that a homunculus of
Page 147 and 148:
14 Ambiguity Seeley, T. D. (1989).
Page 149 and 150:
16 Amygdala, Primate nuclei, each w
Page 151 and 152:
18 Analogy issue of analogical retr
Page 153 and 154:
20 Anaphora Winston, P. H. (1982).
Page 155 and 156:
22 Animal Cognition Papers from the
Page 157 and 158:
24 Animal Navigation inappropriate?
Page 159 and 160:
26 Animal Navigation, Neural Networ
Page 161 and 162:
28 Animism Further Readings Blair,
Page 163 and 164:
30 Anomalous Monism Inagaki, K. (19
Page 165 and 166:
32 Archaeology Similarly, a modalit
Page 167 and 168:
34 Articulation diverse because no
Page 169 and 170:
36 Artifacts and Civilization still
Page 171 and 172:
38 Artificial Life hunting, or evas
Page 173 and 174:
40 Attention ignore the other provi
Page 175 and 176:
42 Attention in the Animal Brain th
Page 177 and 178:
44 Attention in the Human Brain Fig
Page 179 and 180:
46 Attribution Theory Stuss, D. T.,
Page 181 and 182:
48 Audition Storms, M. D. (1973). V
Page 183 and 184:
50 Auditory Attention Hartmann, W.
Page 185 and 186:
52 Auditory Physiology brain measur
Page 187 and 188:
54 Auditory Physiology Figure 1. Sc
Page 189 and 190:
56 Auditory Plasticity thus be invo
Page 191 and 192:
58 Autism See also AUDITION; AUDITO
Page 193 and 194:
60 Autocatalysis Asperger, H. (1944
Page 195 and 196:
62 Automata details and definitions
Page 197 and 198:
64 Autonomy of Psychology been an i
Page 199 and 200:
66 Autopoiesis Owens, D. (1989). Le
Page 201 and 202:
68 Basal Ganglia for GPe projection
Page 203 and 204:
70 Bayesian Learning DeVito, J. L.,
Page 205 and 206:
72 Bayesian Networks which represen
Page 207 and 208:
74 Behavior-Based Robotics dynamics
Page 209 and 210:
76 Behavior-Based Robotics Referenc
Page 211 and 212:
78 Behaviorism are dealing with act
Page 213 and 214:
80 Belief Networks Nisbett, R. E.,
Page 215 and 216:
82 Binding by Neural Synchrony and
Page 217 and 218:
84 Binding by Neural Synchrony Gray
Page 219 and 220:
86 Binding Theory References Fodor,
Page 221 and 222:
88 Blindsight Everaert, M. (1991).
Page 223 and 224:
90 Bloomfield, Leonard Holmes, G. (
Page 225 and 226:
92 Boltzmann Machines Boas’s thin
Page 227 and 228:
94 Brain Mapping Dean, T. (1991). D
Page 229 and 230:
96 Broadbent, Donald E. Figure 1. B
Page 231 and 232:
98 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y cogniti
Page 233 and 234:
100 Case-Based Reasoning and Analog
Page 235 and 236:
102 Categorial Grammar into α, whe
Page 237 and 238:
104 Categorization Joshi, A., K. Vi
Page 239 and 240:
106 Causal Reasoning Rips, L. J. (1
Page 241 and 242:
108 Causation Mackie, J. L. (1974).
Page 243 and 244:
110 Cellular Automata Strawson, G.
Page 245 and 246:
112 Cerebral Cortex (ii) its arrang
Page 247 and 248:
114 Chess, Psychology of have the s
Page 249 and 250:
116 Chunking does the whole room. T
Page 251 and 252:
118 Civilization References Church,
Page 253 and 254:
120 Cognition and Aging Chomsky, N.
Page 255 and 256:
122 Cognitive Archaeology Fillmore,
Page 257 and 258:
124 Cognitive Architecture Gowlett,
Page 259 and 260:
126 Cognitive Artifacts References
Page 261 and 262:
128 Cognitive Development Group, Ed
Page 263 and 264:
130 Cognitive Dissonance Further Re
Page 265 and 266:
132 Cognitive Ethology Hollnagel, E
Page 267 and 268:
134 Cognitive Linguistics Boden, M.
Page 269 and 270:
136 Cognitive Maps oneself in a dif
Page 271 and 272:
138 Cognitive Modeling, Connectioni
Page 273 and 274:
140 Cognitive Modeling, Connectioni
Page 275 and 276:
142 Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic th
Page 277 and 278:
144 Color Categorization (Kay and K
Page 279 and 280:
146 Color, Neurophysiology of reaso
Page 281 and 282:
148 Columns and Modules (about 2% o
Page 283 and 284:
150 Communication or repeated patch
Page 285 and 286:
152 Competence/Performance Distinct
Page 287 and 288:
154 Computation for example, one en
Page 289 and 290:
156 Computation and the Brain Figur
Page 291 and 292:
158 Computational Complexity Koch,
Page 293 and 294:
160 Computational Lexicons will per
Page 295 and 296:
162 Computational Linguistics appli
Page 297 and 298:
164 Computational Neuroanatomy (pre
Page 299 and 300:
166 Computational Neuroscience Schw
Page 301 and 302:
168 Computational Psycholinguistics
Page 303 and 304:
170 Computational Theory of Mind Lu
Page 305 and 306:
172 Computational Vision Pylyshyn,
Page 307 and 308:
174 Computer-Human Interaction Broo
Page 309 and 310:
176 Concepts in the dendritic cable
Page 311 and 312:
178 Concepts Five broad classes of
Page 313 and 314:
180 Conceptual Change concept, perh
Page 315 and 316:
182 Conceptual Role Semantics Furth
Page 317 and 318:
184 Conditioning and the Brain Skin
Page 319 and 320:
186 Connectionism, Philosophical Is
Page 321 and 322:
188 Connectionist Approaches to Lan
Page 323 and 324:
190 Consciousness items from memory
Page 325 and 326:
192 Consciousness voluntary action,
Page 327 and 328:
194 Consciousness, Neurobiology of
Page 329 and 330:
196 Constraint Satisfaction exponen
Page 331 and 332:
198 Context and Point of View Conte
Page 333 and 334:
200 Control Theory There are import
Page 335 and 336:
202 Cortex punishing those who chea
Page 337 and 338:
204 Cortical Localization, History
Page 339 and 340:
206 Creoles The Creative Person Thr
Page 341 and 342:
208 Cross-Cultural Variation Refere
Page 343 and 344:
210 Cultural Evolution through soci
Page 345 and 346:
212 Cultural Psychology (Goddard 19
Page 347 and 348:
214 Cultural Relativism such divers
Page 349 and 350:
216 Cultural Symbolism Cultural Sym
Page 351 and 352:
218 Culture labor: different patter
Page 353 and 354:
220 Data Mining References Darwin,
Page 355 and 356:
222 Decision Making The study of de
Page 357 and 358:
224 Decision Trees known as preprun
Page 359 and 360:
226 Deficits odological issues (see
Page 361 and 362:
228 Depth Perception Figure 2.
Page 363 and 364:
230 Detectors behavior of nonhuman
Page 365 and 366:
232 Discourse behave in accordance
Page 367 and 368:
234 Distinctive Features ory (Bem 1
Page 369 and 370:
236 Distributed AI Gnanadesikan, A.
Page 371 and 372:
238 Domain Specificity Földiák, P
Page 373 and 374:
240 Dominance in Animal Social Grou
Page 375 and 376:
242 Dreaming de Waal, F. (1989). Do
Page 377 and 378:
244 Dynamic Approaches to Cognition
Page 379 and 380:
246 Dynamic Programming that a dyna
Page 381 and 382:
248 Dynamic Semantics A simple but
Page 383 and 384:
250 Dyslexia The most common form o
Page 385 and 386:
252 Ebbinghaus, Hermann The English
Page 387 and 388:
254 Echolocation of fluttering inse
Page 389 and 390:
256 Ecological Psychology the contr
Page 391 and 392:
258 Ecological Validity determine,
Page 393 and 394:
260 Economics and Cognitive Science
Page 395 and 396:
262 Electric Fields computer-based
Page 397 and 398:
264 Electrophysiology, Electric and
Page 399 and 400:
266 Eliminative Materialism and tha
Page 401 and 402:
268 Emergentism much less unity in
Page 403 and 404:
270 Emotion and the Animal Brain (i
Page 405 and 406:
272 Emotion and the Human Brain exp
Page 407 and 408:
274 Emotions background of emotions
Page 409 and 410:
276 Epiphenomenalism One critical r
Page 411 and 412:
278 Episodic vs. Semantic Memory Ja
Page 413 and 414:
280 Epistemology and Cognition Pern
Page 415 and 416:
282 Essentialism FOLK PSYCHOLOGY, o
Page 417 and 418:
284 Ethics Domain Specificity in Co
Page 419 and 420:
286 Ethnopsychology beliefs; this s
Page 421 and 422:
288 Ethology Quinn, N., and D. Holl
Page 423 and 424:
290 Evoked Fields Craig, W. (1918).
Page 425 and 426:
292 Evolution and Ethics themselves
Page 427 and 428:
294 Evolutionary Computation and me
Page 429 and 430:
296 Evolutionary Psychology about h
Page 431 and 432:
298 Expert Systems Hirschfeld, L.,
Page 433 and 434:
300 Explanation Djakow, I. N., N. W
Page 435 and 436:
302 Explanation-Based Learning PROC
Page 437 and 438:
304 Explanatory Gap Explanatory Gap
Page 439 and 440:
306 Externalism of any component wi
Page 441 and 442:
308 Eye Movements and Visual Attent
Page 443 and 444:
310 Face Recognition respond to vis
Page 445 and 446:
312 Feature Detectors ally selectiv
Page 447 and 448:
314 Features Suga, N. (1994). Multi
Page 449 and 450:
316 Focus for dinner, but JOHN is a
Page 451 and 452:
318 Folk Biology (poodle, white oak
Page 453 and 454:
320 Form/Content (von Eckardt 1994,
Page 455 and 456:
322 Formal Systems, Properties of t
Page 457 and 458:
324 Formal Theories Gödel, K. (193
Page 459 and 460:
326 Frame Problem Schmidt-Schauss,
Page 461 and 462:
328 Freud, Sigmund Dummett, M. (197
Page 463 and 464:
330 Functional Decomposition tune,
Page 465 and 466:
332 Functionalism when and where th
Page 467 and 468:
334 Functionalism brains. However,
Page 469 and 470:
336 Game-Playing Systems similarity
Page 471 and 472:
338 Game Theory is no clear way at
Page 473 and 474:
340 Gender equilibrium. Refinements
Page 475 and 476:
342 Generative Grammar The second s
Page 477 and 478:
344 Gestalt Perception (Geschwind a
Page 479 and 480:
346 Gestalt Psychology was achieved
Page 481 and 482:
348 Gestalt Psychology Figure 2. A
Page 483 and 484:
350 Gibson, James Jerome observing
Page 485 and 486:
352 Golgi, Camillo sentence; σ exp
Page 487 and 488:
354 Good Old Fashioned AI (GOFAI) S
Page 489 and 490:
356 Grammatical Relations object (i
Page 491 and 492:
358 Greedy Local Search solution is
Page 493 and 494:
360 Gustation use of or, not the wo
Page 495 and 496:
362 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Gr
Page 497 and 498:
364 Head Movement because they are
Page 499 and 500:
366 Hearing See also BINDING THEORY
Page 501 and 502:
368 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdi
Page 503 and 504:
370 Hemispheric Specialization grou
Page 505 and 506:
372 Heuristic Search Puce, A., T. A
Page 507 and 508:
374 High-Level Vision Figure 1. A g
Page 509 and 510:
376 High-Level Vision the world ser
Page 511 and 512:
378 Historical Linguistics accounts
Page 513 and 514:
380 Human Nature cognition to highl
Page 515 and 516:
382 Human Universals advantage of s
Page 517 and 518:
384 Hume, David Jankowiak, W. (1995
Page 519 and 520:
386 Illusions Figure 2. Top: Illusi
Page 521 and 522:
388 Imagery Shepard (1984) suggests
Page 523 and 524:
390 Imitation made by another (Rizz
Page 525 and 526:
392 Implicature Grice observes that
Page 527 and 528:
394 Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Sa
Page 529 and 530:
396 Indexicals and Demonstratives p
Page 531 and 532:
398 Individualism beyond-the-head e
Page 533 and 534:
400 Inductive Logic Programming of
Page 535 and 536:
402 Infant Cognition structural ale
Page 537 and 538:
404 Inference learning systems whos
Page 539 and 540:
406 Informational Semantics symmetr
Page 541 and 542:
408 Inheritance Fodor, J. (1984). S
Page 543 and 544:
410 Intelligence A change in the fi
Page 545 and 546:
412 Intentional Stance appropriate
Page 547 and 548:
414 Intentionality my desire for wo
Page 549 and 550:
416 Intersubjectivity (especially o
Page 551 and 552:
418 Intersubjectivity Ecological an
Page 553 and 554:
420 Introspection significant perio
Page 555 and 556:
422 James, William individual langu
Page 557 and 558:
424 Judgment Heuristics small sampl
Page 559 and 560:
426 Justification fied beliefs are
Page 561 and 562:
428 Kinds 4. Faculties: Kant develo
Page 563 and 564:
430 Knowledge-Based Systems Clancey
Page 565 and 566:
432 Knowledge Compilation MYCIN and
Page 567 and 568:
434 Language Acquisition References
Page 569 and 570:
436 Language Acquisition regulariza
Page 571 and 572:
438 Language and Cognition Bloom, P
Page 573 and 574:
440 Language and Communication pros
Page 575 and 576:
442 Language and Gender social inte
Page 577 and 578:
444 Language and Modularity Coates,
Page 579 and 580:
446 Language Change Leonard, L. (19
Page 581 and 582:
448 Language, Innateness of Curtiss
Page 583 and 584:
450 Language, Neural Basis of Broca
Page 585 and 586:
452 Language of Thought defenders t
Page 587 and 588:
454 Language Production disfluencie
Page 589 and 590:
456 Language Universals Communicati
Page 591 and 592:
458 Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890-195
Page 593 and 594:
460 Laws References Beach, F. A. (1
Page 595 and 596:
462 Learning Systems matters are co
Page 597 and 598:
464 Lexical Access two types of soc
Page 599 and 600:
466 Lexical Functional Grammar Furt
Page 601 and 602:
468 Lexicon type is allowed in each
Page 603 and 604:
470 Lexicon, Neural Basis of patien
Page 605 and 606:
472 Limbic System Figure 2. Lightne
Page 607 and 608:
474 Limbic System basolateral limbi
Page 609 and 610:
476 Linguistic Stress reference to
Page 611 and 612:
478 Linguistics, Philosophical Issu
Page 613 and 614:
480 Linguistics, Philosophical Issu
Page 615 and 616:
482 Local Representation assumed th
Page 617 and 618:
484 Logic Programming implicit in T
Page 619 and 620:
486 Logical Form in Linguistics App
Page 621 and 622:
488 Logical Form, Origins of Hornst
Page 623 and 624:
490 Logical Omniscience, Problem of
Page 625 and 626:
492 Long-Term Potentiation can deri
Page 627 and 628:
494 LOT Otto, T., H. Eichenbaum, S.
Page 629 and 630:
496 Machiavellian Intelligence Hypo
Page 631 and 632:
498 Machine Translation models (Has
Page 633 and 634:
500 Machine Translation documents,
Page 635 and 636:
502 Machine Vision infer from image
Page 637 and 638:
504 Magic and Superstition emotion
Page 639 and 640:
506 Magnetic Resonance Imaging sinc
Page 641 and 642:
508 Manipulation and Grasping Firth
Page 643 and 644:
510 Manipulation and Grasping See a
Page 645 and 646:
512 Materialism understanding brain
Page 647 and 648:
514 Memory 4. What is the relations
Page 649 and 650:
516 Memory This problem formed the
Page 651 and 652:
518 Memory, Animal Studies the hipp
Page 653 and 654:
520 Memory, Human Neuropsychology M
Page 655 and 656:
522 Memory Storage, Modulation of i
Page 657 and 658:
524 Mental Causation McGaugh, J. L.
Page 659 and 660:
526 Mental Models process of compre
Page 661 and 662:
528 Mental Representation distingui
Page 663 and 664:
530 Mental Retardation accompanied
Page 665 and 666:
532 Mental Rotation Figure 1. Illus
Page 667 and 668:
534 Metacognition is usually superi
Page 669 and 670:
536 Metaphor disaster. Sometimes a
Page 671 and 672:
538 Metaphor and Culture the extens
Page 673 and 674:
540 Metareasoning Figure 1. The con
Page 675 and 676:
542 Metarepresentation has been des
Page 677 and 678:
544 Meter and Poetry This causes a
Page 679 and 680:
546 Mind-Body Problem Figure 3. Fig
Page 681 and 682:
548 Mind Design How can the complex
Page 683 and 684:
550 Minimum Description Length Econ
Page 685 and 686:
552 Mobile Robots mining, waste rem
Page 687 and 688:
554 Modal Logic Musliner D., E. Dur
Page 689 and 690:
556 Modeling Neuropsychological Def
Page 691 and 692:
558 Modularity of Mind that perhaps
Page 693 and 694:
560 Modularity of Mind modularity m
Page 695 and 696:
562 Morphology formal and universal
Page 697 and 698:
564 Motion, Perception of aspects o
Page 699 and 700:
566 Motivation Motion and Its Use i
Page 701 and 702:
568 Motivation and Culture abstract
Page 703 and 704:
570 Motor Control Paul, R. (1990).
Page 705 and 706:
572 Motor Learning which muscular f
Page 707 and 708:
574 Multisensory Integration Clearw
Page 709 and 710:
576 Naive Mathematics people will l
Page 711 and 712:
578 Naive Physics will follow a str
Page 713 and 714:
580 Naive Sociology particularly in
Page 715 and 716:
582 Narrow Content 1980; see also F
Page 717 and 718:
584 Nativism innate, to particular
Page 719 and 720:
586 Nativism, History of Spelke, E.
Page 721 and 722:
588 Natural Kinds Scott, D. (1996).
Page 723 and 724:
590 Natural Language Generation Fig
Page 725 and 726:
592 Natural Language Processing Hov
Page 727 and 728:
594 Navigation There are many appli
Page 729 and 730:
596 Neural Development illustrate.
Page 731 and 732:
598 Neural Plasticity the problem i
Page 733 and 734:
600 Neural Plasticity cortical stag
Page 735 and 736:
602 Neuroendocrinology produces a l
Page 737 and 738:
604 Neuron the patterns of synaptic
Page 739 and 740:
606 Neurotransmitters The second ne
Page 741 and 742:
608 Nonmonotonic Logics In addition
Page 743 and 744:
610 Nonmonotonic Logics a nonclassi
Page 745 and 746:
612 Numeracy and Culture school (Br
Page 747 and 748:
614 Object Recognition, Animal Stud
Page 749 and 750:
616 Object Recognition, Human Neuro
Page 751 and 752:
618 Oculomotor Control Whether this
Page 753 and 754:
620 Olfaction Schiller, P. H., S. D
Page 755 and 756:
622 Origins of Intelligence RELATIO
Page 757 and 758:
624 Parallelism in AI of the face.
Page 759 and 760:
626 Parameter-Setting Approaches to
Page 761 and 762:
628 Parsimony and Simplicity Normal
Page 763 and 764:
630 Pattern Recognition and Feedfor
Page 765 and 766:
632 Perception neuropsychological s
Page 767 and 768:
634 Perceptual Development (Bahrick
Page 769 and 770:
636 Philosophical Issues in Linguis
Page 771 and 772:
638 Phonological Rules and Processe
Page 773 and 774:
640 Phonology tone distinguishes si
Page 775 and 776:
642 Phonology, Acquisition of that,
Page 777 and 778:
644 Phonology, Neural Basis of feat
Page 779 and 780:
646 Physicalism these emergent prop
Page 781 and 782:
648 Pictorial Art and Vision novel
Page 783 and 784:
650 Pictorial Art and Vision crease
Page 785 and 786:
652 Planning References McCulloch,
Page 787 and 788:
654 Plasticity References Allen, J.
Page 789 and 790:
656 Population-Level Cognitive Phen
Page 791 and 792:
658 Positron Emission Tomography Fi
Page 793 and 794:
660 Poverty of the Stimulus Argumen
Page 795 and 796:
662 Pragmatics or token-reflexives
Page 797 and 798:
664 Presupposition Discourse Descri
Page 799 and 800:
666 Primate Amygdala The consequent
Page 801 and 802:
668 Primate Cognition References Bo
Page 803 and 804:
670 Primate Language Both Kanzi and
Page 805 and 806:
672 Probabilistic Reasoning As a re
Page 807 and 808:
674 Problem Solving of the new rock
Page 809 and 810:
676 Procedural Semantics knowledge-
Page 811 and 812:
678 Propositional Attitudes Newell,
Page 813 and 814:
680 Prosody and Intonation Phonolog
Page 815 and 816:
682 Prosody and Intonation, Process
Page 817 and 818:
684 Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Vi
Page 819 and 820:
686 Psychoanalysis, History of and
Page 821 and 822:
688 Psycholinguistics Glymour, C. (
Page 823 and 824:
690 Psychological Laws Tanenhaus, M
Page 825 and 826:
692 Psychophysics light is preselec
Page 827 and 828:
694 Quantifiers together at a given
Page 829 and 830:
696 Radical Interpretation Gärdenf
Page 831 and 832:
698 Rational Agency Hookway, C. (19
Page 833 and 834:
700 Rational Choice Theory that eve
Page 835 and 836:
702 Rational Decision Making The ra
Page 837 and 838:
704 Rationalism vs. Empiricism term
Page 839 and 840:
706 Reading Garrod 1981). Alongside
Page 841 and 842:
708 Realism and Antirealism that un
Page 843 and 844:
710 Recurrent Networks Figure 1. A
Page 845 and 846:
712 Reductionism Giles, C. L., G. M
Page 847 and 848:
714 Reference, Theories of McCauley
Page 849 and 850:
716 Reinforcement Learning LEARNING
Page 851 and 852:
718 Relational Grammar Figure 1. Ac
Page 853 and 854:
720 Religious Ideas and Practices a
Page 855 and 856:
722 Representation Lawson, E. T., a
Page 857 and 858:
724 Rules and Representations corre
Page 859 and 860:
726 Running Machines plausible that
Page 861 and 862:
728 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Darnell,
Page 863 and 864:
730 Science, Philosophy of Schema t
Page 865 and 866:
732 Scientific Thinking and Its Dev
Page 867 and 868:
734 Self As both Sartre and Gibson
Page 869 and 870:
736 Self-Knowledge twist, the psych
Page 871 and 872:
738 Self-Organizing Systems issue i
Page 873 and 874:
740 Semantics words or morphemes (o
Page 875 and 876:
742 Semantics, Acquisition of Chier
Page 877 and 878:
744 Semantics-Syntax Interface Sema
Page 879 and 880:
746 Sense and Reference understood
Page 881 and 882:
748 Sentence Processing the way he
Page 883 and 884:
750 Sentence Processing (1990), Alt
Page 885 and 886:
752 Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary
Page 887 and 888:
754 Shape Perception they probably
Page 889 and 890:
756 Sight Rock, I. (1983). The Logi
Page 891 and 892:
758 Sign Languages Garrett, Eds., L
Page 893 and 894:
760 Signal Detection Theory the uni
Page 895 and 896:
762 Signal Detection Theory subclas
Page 897 and 898:
764 Similarity people’s categoriz
Page 899 and 900:
766 Single-Neuron Recording suggest
Page 901 and 902:
768 Situated Cognition and Learning
Page 903 and 904:
770 Situatedness/Embeddedness smoos
Page 905 and 906:
772 Sleep verification may use simp
Page 907 and 908:
774 Sleep motor systems signaled by
Page 909 and 910:
776 Smell organization of carbon at
Page 911 and 912:
778 Social Cognition in Animals all
Page 913 and 914:
780 Social Dominance from experimen
Page 915 and 916:
782 Social Play Behavior Bekoff, M.
Page 917 and 918:
784 Sociolinguistics issues, inform
Page 919 and 920:
786 Spatial Perception Figure 1. Re
Page 921 and 922:
788 Speech Perception featural leve
Page 923 and 924:
790 Speech Recognition in Machines
Page 925 and 926:
792 Speech Synthesis Speech recogni
Page 927 and 928:
794 Sperry, Roger Wolcott O’Shaug
Page 929 and 930:
796 Spoken-Word Recognition paradig
Page 931 and 932:
798 Statistical Learning Theory See
Page 933 and 934:
800 Statistical Learning Theory Fig
Page 935 and 936:
802 Stereo and Motion Perception on
Page 937 and 938:
804 Stereotyping References Faugera
Page 939 and 940:
806 Stress References Ashmore, R. D
Page 941 and 942:
808 Stress, Linguistic Magarinos, A
Page 943 and 944:
810 Structure from Visual Informati
Page 945 and 946:
812 Superstition striate to MT/V5 t
Page 947 and 948:
814 Supervised Learning in Multilay
Page 949 and 950:
816 Surface Perception to use a “
Page 951 and 952:
818 Synapse Synapse See COMPUTATION
Page 953 and 954:
820 Syntax, Acquisition of there is
Page 955 and 956:
822 Syntax, Acquisition of morpholo
Page 957 and 958:
824 Syntax-Semantics Interface Jaku
Page 959 and 960:
826 Systematicity Chomsky, N. (1986
Page 961 and 962:
828 Technology and Human Evolution
Page 963 and 964:
830 Temporal Reasoning all of the a
Page 965 and 966:
832 Teuber, Hans-Lukas In actual gr
Page 967 and 968:
834 Texture Interest in the percept
Page 969 and 970:
836 Thalamus Figure 1. A simplified
Page 971 and 972:
838 Theorem Proving The subject pos
Page 973 and 974:
840 Theory of Mind argued for a “
Page 975 and 976:
842 Time in the Mind implemented by
Page 977 and 978:
844 Top-Down Processing in Vision b
Page 979 and 980:
846 Transparency Figure 1. of a sin
Page 981 and 982:
848 Turing, Alan Mathison contribut
Page 983 and 984:
850 Twin Earth cards if the differe
Page 985 and 986:
852 Typology Wilson, R. (1995). Car
Page 987 and 988:
854 Uncertainty how large are the c
Page 989 and 990:
856 Understanding Understanding See
Page 991 and 992:
858 Unsupervised Learning LEARNING,
Page 993 and 994:
860 Utility Theory neoclassical the
Page 995 and 996:
862 Vagueness “tall” will remai
Page 997 and 998:
864 Visual Anatomy and Physiology E
Page 999 and 1000:
866 Visual Anatomy and Physiology F
Page 1001 and 1002:
868 Visual Cortex, Cell Types and C
Page 1003 and 1004:
870 Visual Neglect Frames of refere
Page 1005 and 1006:
872 Visual Object Recognition, AI i
Page 1007 and 1008:
874 Visual Processing Streams repre
Page 1009 and 1010:
876 von Neumann, John about petting
Page 1011 and 1012:
878 Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich x y Vo
Page 1013 and 1014:
880 Walking and Running Machines be
Page 1015 and 1016:
882 Wh-Movement on Intelligent Robo
Page 1017 and 1018:
884 Whorfianism what it’s like th
Page 1019 and 1020:
886 Word Meaning, Acquisition of Wi
Page 1021 and 1022:
888 Word Recognition Gleitman, L. R
Page 1023 and 1024:
890 Working Memory, Neural Basis of
Page 1025 and 1026:
892 Working Memory, Neural Basis of
Page 1027 and 1028:
894 Writing Systems Buchsbaum, M. S
Page 1029 and 1030:
896 Wundt, Wilhelm consonant (as in
Page 1031 and 1032:
898 X-Bar Theory Meischner, W., and
Page 1033 and 1034:
900 X-Bar Theory stands for XP, the
Page 1035 and 1036:
902 Contributors James R. Bergen Sa
Page 1037 and 1038:
904 Contributors Olivier D. Faugera
Page 1039 and 1040:
906 Contributors Paul Kay Universit
Page 1041 and 1042:
908 Contributors John K. Niederer U
Page 1043 and 1044:
910 Contributors Wolf Singer Max Pl
Page 1046 and 1047:
Name Index A Aarsleff, H., 475, 476
Page 1048 and 1049:
Bender, M. B., 40, 833 Benedict, R.
Page 1050 and 1051:
Campos, J. J., 839, 840 Candland, D
Page 1052 and 1053:
Davis, M., 117, 118, 184, 185, 269,
Page 1054 and 1055:
Fenson, L., 886, 887 Fernald, A., 4
Page 1056 and 1057:
Goldin, S. E., 115 Goldinger, S. D.
Page 1058 and 1059:
Herbrand, 323 Hering, O., 146, 385
Page 1060 and 1061:
Kalish, M., 350, 351 Kalman, R. E.,
Page 1062 and 1063:
Lauterbur, P. C., 505, 506 Lave, J.
Page 1064 and 1065:
Marx, K., 216 Marzi, C. A., 88, 89
Page 1066 and 1067:
Murdock, B. B., 237, 238 Murdock, G
Page 1068 and 1069:
Piaget, J., cxxvi, 28, 29, 123, 128
Page 1070 and 1071:
Rosen, C., 717, 718 Rosen, G. D., 2
Page 1072 and 1073:
Shoemaker, S., 334, 335, 420, 428,
Page 1074 and 1075:
Thagard, P. R., 18, 181 Thal, D. J.
Page 1076 and 1077:
Webb, B., 75, 76 Webb, J. C., 117,
Page 1078 and 1079:
Subject Index A Aboutness, 1 Absolu
Page 1080 and 1081:
Chomsky and the innateness of langu
Page 1082 and 1083:
Cultural symbolism, cxv, cxxii, 29,
Page 1084 and 1085:
Fixed action patterns, 288 Flight-o
Page 1086 and 1087:
folk psychology, 398 internalism, 3
Page 1088 and 1089:
Life, 471 Lightness perception, xlv
Page 1090 and 1091:
MUMBLE, 590, 591 Myth of Jones, xxi
Page 1092 and 1093:
Potential theory, 885 Poverty, 660
Page 1094 and 1095:
Semantical indices, 659 Semantics,
Page 1096 and 1097:
children’s theories of, 839 false
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