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Table 51-Estimated multivariate models of supply of rural saving in selected studies of Asian countries Variable Burma PSPC Asian Middle-Income Countries (Williamson 1968) Taiwan (Ong 1972) India PSPC Philippines PSPC Reprblic Rural Household of Korea PSPC Taiwan PSPC Consumption per Capita l'ennanent income 0.10 -0.16 -0.26 -0.07 0.30 ... (1.0)[21 (-0.3)[11 -3.2,)*[11 (-0-5)[2] (3.1)*[11 1 rarsitory income 1.0 0.08 0.85 1.09 -0.15 ... (1.0)***[1 1 (0.18)(21 (2.0)**[21 (1-2)[1] (-0.3)[3] Laggedldependent variable ... ... ...... ... 0.33 (7.1)*[2] Rate of return to all assets in previous,.ear ... ... ... ... ... -1.58 (-1.7)[3] Real rate of interest 0.02 -0.04 -0.30 -0.002 -0.07 . . (0.2)[3] (-0.17)[3] (-1.6)***[3] (-0.1)[3] (-0.8)[2] Real per capita income ...... ... ... ... 0.38 (13.8)*[1] lutin of farm income to fiamily income ... ... ... ... 5.93 (1.5)***[4] R 0.37 0.13 0.75 0.34 0.67 0.70 Number of observations 12 8 13 8 12 n.a. Notes: PSPC is personal saving per capita. Figures in parentheses are t-values, and the figures in brackets are rank based on magnitude of the t-value (ignoring signs). n.a. is not available. *Significant at 1 percent. 45 Significant at 5 percent. ***Significant at 10 percent.
109 Table 52-Estimated multivariate models of supp!y of rural saving in the Republic of Korea Republic of Korea (llyun, Adams, and Ilushak 1979) Republic of Korea Rural (Yuuf and Peters 1984) Household Rural Gross Gross Variable Consumption per Capita Hlousehold Consumption National Savings Domestic Savings Pcrnalnct income 0.9t; I. 1 ... (8.3)*[l] (5.7)*[I1] "ransiors income 0.23 -0.01 (0.1)I71 (-0.1)[7] iowtlh nite in ival(;NI',/G ... . .. 1.00 1.71 (3.-1)*(21 (6. 9)*[2] lo : :I[( ... ... 1.07 .12 (2.-1)*[-1 (3.8)-131 Real te of interest ... ... 1.16 (2.9) *1301 0.50 (50.6)*111 .evel of real CNl)/GDP ... ... 1.56 1.87 Ititera(li of l)(lillll I (2..1 )*[1) (50.6)*[ I] incone with cultivated land -020 (-1.20)1-I1 -0.17 (-0.6)[61 ...... litel actiolt (f I)elnltaileltt itomie with ;ilt of 0.02 0.051 ...... Iclut n to capital (0.6)151 (1.5)[2I litla titmtl of pv] Inallent iltoltict with s(tce of, -0.3,1 -0.36 ... lml' actiotn of peil IIAlle-111 iltwotle with taloe of -0.0007 -0.0005 ...... liquid arsets (- 1.3)[t (-1.3)[3] Itelactiont of pelIllel t(oin te with depelpelency -0.05 0.13 ... ratio illtilefamily (-1A)12I (1.0)(5] R2 0.92 0.93 0.98 0.99 Number of olsevaiotns 131 131 18 18 Notes: Iigtiues in jiatentltcses ate t-vahtes, and the figores int brackets are tank based on ittagnitudt of1tiC.i-vaie (ignoling signs). *Signiiicnt t al I 1ei (enit. illattel what ih(Ciicoln(c ,vel of Ilhe coliliy. Tle saiiE is trite foi" the Utnite( States. Aiiioig tile fotir sttices on nrirl savilig, B. M. I)esai's 1975 stildy of all Indian district ireveals that fahnily size is tieltilOS iiiiportall dceternliialt, followed by lagged 'iiri ilCotlic, tlhin itlteraclioti of tile expectedi rate of retlrn a( iliconc, wealth (.tploxy for initial endow
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,AFOOD POLICY EVIEWl Institutional
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FOOD POLICY REVIEW 1 Institutional
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Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Thr
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15. Unit transaction costs, unit ir
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47. Relative importance of intcecst
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Foreword Thiis report introduces a
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1 Summary This study analyzes two a
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3 Six organizational principles for
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2 Introduction Finance and Economic
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An obvious problem innate to an act
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9 Selection of Theme and Issues for
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I1 TIhe issue of scale economies is
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13 There is also a problem of indiv
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15 Figure I-Share of borrowing of f
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17 Figure 2-Share of'agricultural l
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19 specific or economywile developm
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Table 1- Continued 21 Region, Count
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Table 2-Continued Government Nation
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25 regional without higher or lower
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27 Caribbean, compared with Asia. T
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Table 3 -Continued Proportion of Pe
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31 LICs (including Bangladesh, Indi
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33 Functional Structure of RFIs and
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35 approximated from available lite
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Figure 3-Stylized organizational fr
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5 Transaction Costs, Profitability,
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411 or fiom new borrowers. Moreover
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43 Table 6-Unit transaction costs o
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45 tiotis largely by borrowing fi'o
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47 Table 9 -Transaction costs of br
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49 'T7heSonali Bank's unit uct marg
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Table 14-Estimated parameters of th
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53 PACS) was established ill March
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55 Table 16-Deposit growth rates of
Page 69 and 70: 57 rIIIIal Output (28 p)Celt) and o
Page 71 and 72: 59 Although APS loans were dominant
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 0-Pattern of loans advanced
Page 75 and 76: 63 Table 2 1- Unit profit and unit
Page 77 and 78: 65 resources are mainly channeled t
Page 79 and 80: 67 Table 25-Various costs, gross ma
Page 81 and 82: 69 BAAC also en1joyced sc.;le ,~ol
Page 83 and 84: 71 iuzividual farmers at the distri
Page 85 and 86: 73 Agriculture and Cooperatives 197
Page 87 and 88: 75 like the county and plimaly coop
Page 89 and 90: 77 Table 33-Transaction and financi
Page 91 and 92: 79 Table 3 6 -Structure of assets a
Page 93 and 94: Response of Rural Loan Demand to In
Page 95 and 96: 83 Table 3 9-Estimated multivariate
Page 97 and 98: 85 Table 40-Estimated multivariate
Page 99 and 100: 87 separate deteriminants of demand
Page 101 and 102: Table 4 1-Continued Type of Demand,
Page 103 and 104: Table 4 1-Confinued Type of Demand,
Page 105 and 106: Table 4 2 -Evidence on interest ela
Page 107 and 108: 7 Response of Supply of Rural Depos
Page 109 and 110: 97 Table 44-Estimated multivariate
Page 111 and 112: 99 Table 4 6-Relative importance of
Page 113 and 114: 101 I1e positivc respolse of supply
Page 115 and 116: Table 48- Continued 103 eBased on t
Page 117 and 118: Table 4 9 -Pattern of total rural s
Page 119: 107 is substantial saving even in d
Page 123 and 124: 111 nient), and lastly, the inverse
Page 125 and 126: 113 Table 54-Positive and negative
Page 127 and 128: 9 Flow of Funds of the Rural Financ
Page 129 and 130: 117 interest I'evellie and payment.
Page 131 and 132: Table 5 5 -Continued 119 cin scenar
Page 133 and 134: 10 Conclusions and Implications ase
Page 135 and 136: 123 differential increase in demand
Page 137 and 138: 125 can be attained. Multifunctiona
Page 139 and 140: 127 fully achieved. Had the institu
Page 141 and 142: 129 so doing, improvements in verti
Page 143 and 144: The standard error of The standard
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 2 Reasons for Delinquency
Page 147 and 148: Region/Country 135 Reaso.z Near Eas
Page 149 and 150: References Abbott, J. C. 1 9 7 3a.
Page 151 and 152: 139 Aku, P. S. 1986. Lending to far
Page 153 and 154: 141 Caibbean Country Department II,
Page 155 and 156: 143 144. Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.: W
Page 157 and 158: 145 1975. Agriculturalcredit in Asi
Page 159 and 160: __ 147 Gurley, J. G., and E. S. Sha
Page 161 and 162: 149 G. Hunter and A. F. Bottrall, 5
Page 163 and 164: 151 Lee, T. Y., D. H. Kim, and D. W
Page 165 and 166: 153 __ _. 1976. The new economics o
Page 167 and 168: 155 Olu, W. 1985. Formal credit and
Page 169 and 170: __ 157 Rao, B. P. 1970. The economi
Page 171 and 172:
159 Singh, G., and S. R. Asokan. 19
Page 173 and 174:
-- 161 Verghese, S. K. 1983. tivfit
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